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THE 



Historic Growth of Man 



INTO 



The Coming Civilization 



BY 

DR. ALESHA SIVARTHA 



AUTHOR OF 

''The Book of Life" 



*•» -> ^ )ar. 



NEW YORK : 
THE PHII,OSOPHIC COMPANY 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS. 


Two Copies 


Received 


JUL 2 


190^ 


{^^ Copyc.^ht 

CLASSfc ^ 

COPY 


tntry 
XXc No 
B. 






International Copyright, 1903 

BY 

THE PHILOSOPHIC CO. 

All rights reserved. 

PUBLISHERS WILL PLEASE NOTE 
THAT THE COPYRIGHTS COVER THE ENGRAVINCJl 



PLAN OF THE WORK 



CHAPTER FIRST.— The Seven Great Civilizations. Race- 
Growth and the Brain. Phases of National Life. Three 
upward lines of Evolution for Society. 

CHAPTER SECOND.— Social Structures. Natural Basis 
of Wants. Plan of the Social Organism. Voting, social 
ranks and conventions. 

CHAPTER THIRD.— Social Mechanism and Action. Ref- 
erendum. Model City, with its Departments. The seven 
laws of Social Evolution su.mmarized. 

CHAPTER FOURTH.— Architecture and Homes. Social 
Grouping and Work. Spheres of Man and Woman as 
complements. Social law^s of Harmony. 

CHAPTER FIFTH.— The Intellectual, Social and Indus 
trial Culture of Man. Model of Schools. The new 
methods and foundations in natural laws. 

CHAPTER SIXTH.— Wealth and Industry Organized. 
Universal employment. Collective Ownership, rights of 
w^ealth and wages. Captains of Industry for the future. 

CHAPTER SEVENTH.— Science and Religion in unity. 
New methods end the old Mysteries. Central Ideas of 
the Bible. The Kingdom, the Tree of Life, and the 
Celestial City. 



% 



THE HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN 



THE 
HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

By Dr. Alesha Sivartha. 




^»]Xx;^^. 



The human race has been 
marching upward from the first 
ages of history. Under what 
law has that mighty procession 
of the ages taken place ? Sci- 
ence and history both answer 
that man has advanced, step by 
step, from the ignorant and 
selfish rule of his lower brain- 
organs uptoward the beneficent 
dominion of his higher faculties. 
The laws which have controlled that vast upward 
movement are still in force. They are fixed in the 
very constitution of man. And they are of supreme 
importance at the present time, for they determine 
what new institutions and what social changes are 
now required to meet that higher growth of man. 
A great number of scientific men have developed 
our knowledge of these laws of race growth. But 
thus far no writer has grouped them into clear forms 
of statement, with the necessary engravings, and 
thus made them accessible to the general reader. 
The present writer aims to supply this vital and urgent 
need in the following chapters. 

9 




10 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The forces which underlie human evolution are 
broader in their sweep than even the wide range of 
history. They have governed 
the growth of the earth itself. 
They caused the earth to pass 
through many steps of prepara- 
tion for the noble advent of 
man. From the geologic age of 
Fishes, up to that in which 
man appeared, we may trace a 

succession of animals with higher and higher t^^pes 
of brain. At last man came to crown the organic 
series with a brain so complex in its parts that it 
ranks him as lord paramount of the earth. 

Evolution requires conditions. But mere ex- 
ternal conditions are not all that is required. A man 
needs ground on which to build a house. But the house 
is not generated and produced by the ground. The lat- 
ter is only one out of several factors. At the end of 
each geologic age the conditions had become such as to 
favor a higher kind of life. By passing through the 
form of organized bodies, matter becomes more and 
more vitalized ; it acquires a more permanent tendency 
to vibrate in unison with the living forces, and it thus 
becomes more capable of being molded into new kinds 
of plants or animals. At every step of this progress 
the internal or vital forces have acted in concert 
with the external conditons to produce the new 
results. 

Evolution describes the great methods of growth 
which rule in the world of living forms. It deals with 
the past, but it also foretells the future. And this 
latter work gives its greatest value to man 



EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. 



11 



Seven great forces were concerned in the vast 
movements of early creation. Gravity marked 
elliptic orbits for the path of worlds. Electricity and 
magnetism polarized and thus rotated these worlds 
on their axes. Chemic force, heat and light built up 
the solid rocks and arranged their wide-spread layers. 
And the vital force crowded the sea and land with the 
myriad tribes of animal and plant life. 

These forces then held the same relations to each 
other that they sustain at present. 

Compare the brain of a 
fish with that of man. That 
is, take the lowest and the 
highest in the great scale 
of vertebrate animals. This 
comparison will bring the 
law of progress before us in 
a striking form. As we see 
in this engraving at the side, 
the brain of the fish is only 
about one-third greater in 
diameter than the spinal 
cord or spinalis. The bal- 
ance of nerve-force, of brain 
power, is only slightly in 
favor of the head, A large 
part of the nervous force is 
in the spinalis, that great 
bundle whose branching 
nerves spread to the various 
parts of the body. 

Now look at the brain of man. Its diameters are 
f|*om six to ten times greater than that of the spinalis 




12 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



The relative size of the brain has become immensely 
expanded. That means the dominance of brain over 
body, of spirit over matter, of the higher over the 
lower life. 

As we ascend in our survey of the scale of life, not 
only does the brain become relatively larger, but the 
spinal cord becomes shorter at its lower end. In 
some of the huge saurians belonging to the age of 
reptiles we find the cord a hundred feet in length. 
Well might such animals be taken by sacred writers 
as symbols of evil, as types of all that is horrid and 
repulsive. The serpents of our own time are exam- 
ples of very long spines and a great deal of repulsive 
power. 

These facts of evolution are now accepted by the 
leading scientific men of our day. They have been 
verified by a vast array of facts, 
in both geology and biology. 

The brain and nervous sys- 
tem DEVELOP FROM THE BASE 
TO THE TOP AND FROM THE BACK 

TO THE FRONT. The high im- 
port of this law will appear as 
we proceed. It forms one es- 
sential basis for a true social 
science. 

The life of the individual fore- 
shadows the life of the race. It shows corresponding 
pliases of growth. It is therefore necessary to study 
the development of the brain both before and after 
birth. 

In the early stages of prenatal life the brain appears 
as three little vesicles, marked A, M and B in this 




EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN. 13 

engraving. In the lower figure a little point, P, projects 
downward from the front vesicle, A. As the growth 
of the brain proceeds, this process turns up and then 
over backward in the direction of the arrows in the 
upper figure. It goes on expanding until it forms the 
cerebrum, the larger mass of the brain. Although it 
thus turns backward, yet the line of the vital forces 
from the spinalis is forward and upward. The back 
vesicle, B, sends out a process which becomes the 
cerebellum or little brain, marked Cer. 1. m, in the 
upper figure. In the fully developed brain the three 
primary vesicles become central or subordinate parts. 

From the first phase to the close of fetal life the 
brain presents a constant increase in its complexity 
of structure. At different parts of this period the 
brain resembles, in succession, those of an ascending 
series of the lower animals. But the brains of these 
lower animals are arrested, some at a lower, some at 
a higher point; that of m^an alone passes onward to 
completion. 

In all the vertebrates, the highest division of the 
animal kingdom, the first part to attain a definite 
structure is the brain and spinal cord. On a previous 
page this is shown as the '' Primitive Trace." And in 
the whole scale of life, the rank of each species of ani- 
mal is determined by its development of the nervous 
system and of the muscles which are the direct instru- 
ments through which the brain and nerves must 
express themselves. 



u 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN« 




Phases of life. The life of a human being, aftef 
birth, is marked by three great phases of develop- 
ment — Childhood, 
Youth, and Maturity » 
These same phases mark 
the life of each nation 
and of the human race 
as a whole. This is what 
modern science proves 
and teaches. Each 
phase is well-marked at 
its middle period, but at 
the lines of junction 
they insensibly glide 
into each other. These 
phases display the suc- 
cessive unfolding and rule of faculties from the base 
to the top of the brain, and from the back to the 
front. 

During the period of Infancy and Childhood, from 
the first to the tenth year, the groups of impulsion, 
sensation and perception rule the character. The 
cliild is restless, impulsive, sensitive and perceptive. 
The brain easily receives impressions in infancy. But 
most of these are indistinct and" soon replaced by 
others. The cliild learns almost wholly through sen- 
sation and perception. It constantly asks questions, 
yet reasons from narrow and ill-observed premises. 
Altliough the organs of the top head are often large 
in childhood, yet they are dormant and not roused 
into activity until later. 

Morality involves the complex relations of society, 
and the child does not realize these relations. His 



PHASES OF LIFE. IS 

life is simple. It is not easy to appeal to his moral 
sense. The motives placed before him must be such 
as will directly reach his senses and his limited ex- 
perience. The child is selfish without having the 
sense of ownership. He does not perceive that it is 
wrong to take what belongs to others. 

The student of history sees how these childish 
traits apply in a striking way to the early history of 
nations and of the human race. 

Phase of youth. The range of organs which 
rule in this period from the tenth to the twentieth 
year, includes the groups of memory, familism and 
defense. Through observation, memory and lan- 
guage , the youth acquires stores of knowledge ; through 
reverence, parental love and patriotism, he learns 
some of his relations to his superiors, his equals and 
his inferiors; and through the faculties of economy, 
defense and reserve, he gets an idea of property and 
personal rights. 

In the national phase of youth we find that liter- 
ature, as such, receives its first great impulses of 
growth. The art of verbal expression outstrips the 
gains in actual knowledge and the people mistake 
the skilful clothing of words for the vital form of 
truth itself, as we see in the Platonic period of Grecian 
literature. "They knew but little, yet knew how to 
express that little extremely well. " 

The phase of maturity reaches frora twenty to 
sixty years. In this period the high faculties of in- 
tegrity, self-control, sexual, fraternal and religious 
love and hope, with reason and foresight, come into 
prominence and rule the character The crude ideas 
of childhood and youth are displaced by exact 



16 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

knowledge The powers of mind and body attain 
their full solidity and vigor, and the character is 
rounded out into completeness and symmetry. 

At last, old age or senility comes creeping slowly 
on. The faculties gradually lose their vigor and the 
senses become unretentive. The body demands rest 
and quiet, and its functions pass into decadence. 

Lines of growth. On three great lines of move- 
ment we may trace the influence of higher and 
higher faculties as nations pass through the phases 
of childhood, youth and maturity. These are the 
lines of Intellect in the front brain ; of Social life in 
the middle brain, and of Industry in the back brain. 
Human evolution has meant an increase of knowledge 
of social or collective life, and of mastery over the 
forces of nature in the varied fields of industry. 

At every upward step these three lines of growth 
hav^e been closely and vitally dependent upon each 
other. 

This law of interdependence is one of the best 
established .truths in psycholog3^ There can be no 
valuable or important growth of social life, of morals 
or religion, without a corresponding growth of knowl- 
edge and of industrial conditions. The Affections 
or social nature must constantly use the intellect in 
order to perceive, remember and reason about its own 
objects of love. And the faculties of the will, in the 
back brain, must be used if we would give any of the 
impulses or desires of love an outward expression in 
conduct. Love is the central power, but Wisdom 
and Will are its constant and essential instruments. 

From this law we see that it is utterly vain to hope 
that we may ever remove the great evils and defects 



CHART OF HISTORY. 



17 







\«5^ 








CHART OF HISTORY. 



18 HISTORIC GROWTH Ot MAN. 

which exist in society by simply increasing our knowl- 
edge, or by becoming more religious, or by great 
economic changes and reforms. So long as this law 
exists in the nature of man, so long must any one of 
these remedies assuredly fail if tried alone. The great 
evils which curse the word have found their source 
not in one, but in every set of faculties which make 
up the complex mind of man. It is not difficult to 
make a social reform which shall be equally broad 
and definite. *'One thing at a time" is not the law 
of growth in nature, either for evil or for good. In 
her work, many parts are in process of formation at 
the same time. It would be well for reformers to 
learn this profound lesson. 

The great drama of human history has not been 
ruled by the caprices of statesmen and kings, nor by 
the unguided impulses of men. Despite all of its 
obstacles and windings, it has been an impressive 
and majestic procession, moving forward and upward 
under the dominion of eternal laws. These laws 
belong to the constitution of the human mind itself. 
And because the mind has for its central instrument 
the Brain, with its fixed and permanent groups of 
faculties, because of this fact we may trace on a map 
of the human brain all those extended phases in the 
historic growth of man. 

If the mental faculties had not fixed locations in 
the brain, locations exactly adapted to the function 
which each one performs, if this were not the case, 
then all mental operations would be but a mass of 
disorder and uncertainty. 

But these locations in the brain have been estab- 
lished by a whole century of scientific observation 




LINES OF GROWTH. l9 

and experiment. Beginning 
with Dr. Joseph Francis Gall 
in 1796 and continued by Sir 
Charles Bell, Marshal Hall, Ma- 
gendie, Flourens, Dr. Carpenter, 
Sunderland, Fowler, Buchanan 
and other mesmerists, succeed- 
ed b}^ the extended analytic 
work of Sivartha and the final 
and conclusive experiments of 
Dr. Ferrier; with all these the locations now rest 
upon as decisive proof as that which any science can 
claim. 

It is true that the physiologists have disproved 
four of Gall's locations. These were Sex-love, 
Parental-love, Frendship, and Patriotism. These 
belong to the side and top brain and not to the back 
part. The two great centers of the brain, the Motus 
and Sensus, were discovered after Gall's time. His 
work was only the beginning of a science. He dealt 
with the law of Location, but this is only one of the 
twelve great mental laws. The others have been 
developed by his successors. Our present knowledge 
of the subject includes a hundred times more than 
all that was in the old system of Phrenology. But 
this volume is not the place to elaborate the proofs 
and details of mental science. At the present day 
all scientific men believe in definite functions of the 
brain. 

The sociologists are fond of telling us that there 
must be a higher growth of the brain among men in 
order to adapt them 'to new and better institutions. 
But these scientists should have given us a map of 



20 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

the brain with Unes drawn to show how far upward 
the social hfe of man has already progressed and how 
much more of the higher faculties of the brain remains 
for us to bring into dominance before we can reach 
the top and crown in the great archetype of society. 

In the full-page Chart of Historic Growth we have 
supplied such a chart of the brain, mapping out the 
past history of man with as much detail as the size of 
the engraving will admit. The middle band, or phase 
of youth, is shaded b)^ stippling. 

In the study of this chart we shall learn that six 
great forms of civilization have thus far been masters 
of the w^orld. These were the Egyptian, Mongolian, 
Hindoo, Semitic, Grseco-Roman, and Christian. But 
each of these forms was fragmentary. Each of them 
was dominated or took its cast of character from only 
a limited region of the brain. It supplied only a part 
of the wants and aspirations of man. Other regions 
or faculties of the brain were more or less active but 
did not determine the national character or course of 
development. 

A mere sketch of these past forms will serve our 
purpose. It will show their failures and will illustrate 
by contrast that coming and nobler civilization which 
is close before us, the age of Harmonism. A true 
study of evolution surveys the past in order to learn 
of the future. 

Egyptian civilization commenced its massive 
and vigorous growth under the most favorable of 
external conditions. The mental power and suscepti- 
bility varies widely in different races of men. The 
capacity to develop a civilization is only moderate in 
^ome while it is very great in others, just as in some 




LIJ^E IN OLD EGYPT. 21 

families we see one child with a quick and strong intel- 
lect while his brothers may be 
very slow in thinking and 
learning. In three centuries 
the descendants of Kam had 
raised Egyptian civilization to 
as high a state as the Mon- 
golian had attained in ten centuries. 

This Kamitic growth took a direction which curves 
backward and downward in the brain. That is the 
line of arbitrary power and it quickly reached the 
period of conservatism. It v^as like the great pylons 
and pyramids, broad at the base and narrow at the 
top. The vast temples and palaces proclaimed the 
absolute and enduring power of kings, priests and 
nobles. The pylons looked down on hopeless servi- 
tude and castes for the people. 

Whatever seemed durable, massive and useful, im- 
pressed the Eg3^ptian mind. Their genius was prac- 
tical, not speculative. It was life, and not philos- 
ophy, in which they were most interested. With 
these Egyptians, Science only meant a collection of 
surface facts, with rules for the various arts and hand- 
crafts. If their ideas, their art and their science be 
compared with the standard of modern times, then 
their old knowledge seems very rude indeed. 

The sculptured faces and human figures on all the 
oldest of these monuments, indeed on all before the 
conquest of Cambyses, exhibit the art of sculpture 
only in its primitive and childish forms. In drawing 
a profile of the face, their artists made just the same 
mistakes that the ordinary child makes now. On the 
profile view of the face they drew a front view of the 



22 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

eye, an impossible position. They drew the ear much 
too high on the side head. And they made impos- 
sible perspective for limbs without muscles. We may 
well admire the patience required to rear their enor- 
mous pyramids and temples, but it is foolish to think 
that such art required many long centuries for its 
development. The palm and the lotus of Egypt gave 
them admirable models for columns and capitals, and 
in the imitation of these they attained a high excel- 
lence. Their work in these still gives models of a high 
order for the modern architect. 

With painstaking fidelit}^ the sculptured bas-reliefs 
of Egypt represent the minute de- 
tails of their daily life, not less than 
the public affairs of their rulers. 
We know how they cooked, how they 
ate and drank, and how they bathed 
and dressed themselves. We see 
alike their work in the shop, the 
house, and the field. 

In all these Egyptian monu- 
ments we are not able to trace any long and 
gradual growth out of the barbarous conditions 
into those of a higher kind. They reached verv 
quickly all that it was possible for them to attain. 
Under the influence of economy, mobility, arrogance, 
defense and destruction, directed by sensation, per- 
ception, memory and the lower reason, with these for 
ruling faculties, there could be no high development 
of either science or art as we understand them. An 
eternal sphinx stood before the deeper problems of life. 
All Egypt fixed its gaze downward and backward. 
But progress for man does not lie in that direction, 




MONGOLIAN CIVILIZATION. 23 

When Psametek I. opened the Egyptian ports to 
foreign commerce (624 B. C.) it stimulated the Greeks 
to a new intellectual activity, but the reaction was 
disastrous to the old Egyptian civilization itself. It 
quickly invited foreign invasion, and first Cambyses 
subdued the country (525 B. C.) and later Alexander 
planted the city named after him, and under the 
splendid dynasty of the Ptolemies, Egypt became like 
a Grecian colony. 

In its early times, the lower, middle and upper parts 
of Egypt usually had independent rulers, though all 
were essentially the same race of people. The separ- 
ate and mixed records of these dynasties have thrown 
the early dates of Egyptian history into hopeless 
confusion. The most learned men of our day differ 
among themselves by 5,000 years concerning dates 
which some of them place less than 5,000 years back 
of our own time. Back of the sixteenth centur}^ 
B. C, all the dates are uncertain. 

Chinese civilization emerged from 
the mists of tradition about 2358 B. C. 
At that time the reigns of Yaou and 
his successor Shun exhibit well estab- 
lished institutions. The Chinese already 
worked in metals. They wove flax into 
garments and they raised sheep. The 
Princess Se-ling-she had discovered how to produce 
and weave silk from cocoons. 

The Chinese character displays the dominant in- 
stincts of familism. Around these were grouped their 
ruling faculties of form, color, memory, sensation, 
appetite and economy. Their strong filial love 
g4apted them to a paternal form of government. 




24 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The Emperor was "The Father of his People " not less 
than the " Son of Heaven." The people were quick to 
learn and tenacious in remembering. They were 
patient, industrious and obedient to authority. These 
were the elements of both their greatness and their 
permanence in history. Under the impulse of these 
faculties they developed agriculture as the firm basis 
of national life, and held this culture of the earth in 
the highest esteem. 

The Chinese teachers preferred solid knowledge to 
brilliant fancies, and thought that the examples of the 
successful past were a safer guide than the untried 
schemes of the present. The minister Yih, addressing 
the emperor, said that '' Virtue is the basis of good 
government ; and this consists first in procuring for the 
people the things necessary to their sustenance, such 
as water, fire, metals, wood and grain. The ruler 
must also think of rendering them virtuous and of 
preserving them from whatever can injure life and 
health." The master, Confucius, taught that "Man 
is a microcosm, and that by striving to improve himself 
by acquiring knowledge, by purifying his thoughts, 
by rectifying his heart and by cultivating his person, 
he would then be able to regulate his family. When 
he could regulate his family, he might then be able to 
govern a state; and when he could govern a state, he 
might then be trusted to rule an empire. The empire 
was as one family ; and it was the part of the emperor 
to cherish and guard his people as a father does his 
children; so it was the duty of the people to render 
wilhng and submissive obedience to their sovereign. 
But when a ruler ceases to be a minister of heaven for 
good he forfeits the title by which he holds the 



MONGOLIAN CIVILIZATION. 25 

throne." The master summed up his morals in this 
saying, "Reciprocity is the one comprehensive rule 
of life." 

The nation had been slowly developing for three 
centuries before the time of Yaou. It was averse to 
foreign wars and conquests. Its riches came from 
the fertile earth at home. Very early in their history 
they had invented writing. In the reign of Che- 
Hwang-ti, 221 B. C, the Marquis Tsas invented the 
manufacture of paper from the inner bark of trees, 
ends of hemp, old rags and fishing nets. Brush- 
pencils with ink were used in writing. This ink, 
under the misplaced name of India Ink, is now ex- 
tensively used by artists in Europe and America. 
The art of block-printing was invented in 593 C. E. 
and movable types four centuries later. 

From the invention of paper on, great libraries 
became the glory and pride of the people, learning 
was everywhere encouraged, and a general system 
of education became the settled policy of the nation. 

The ruling traits of character and the ph^^sical 
geography of China were well fitted to sustain the 
expanding growth of the ages into one of the most 
populous empires of the world. At the present stage 
of its growth, China requires the fertilizing influence 
of European science and art before it can reach that 
high ideal foretold by the great sages, Kong-fu-tse, 
Lao-tse and Mencius. But it does not need this 
science and art as enforced by European arrogance, 
egotism and cannon. We must respect its real at- 
tainments and character. A nation must possess 
strong elements of morality and justice in order to 
sustain its national unity and integrity during the 
long lapse of forty centuries. 



26 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

A later branch of the Mongolian civilization was 
the Japanese. In the fourth and fifth centuries, 
A. D., the nation came into prominence. It has 
passed through a more rapid development than China 
and shown a readier disposition to join the great 
current of modern thought. Japan is yet destined to 
play a brilliant part in the drama of human history. 
Its greatest achievements are yet in the future. 
With active and ready intellects, as a nation, w4th 
social docility and high ambitions, its hopes of the 
future rest upon a good basis in the national character. 

The HINDOO civilization was 
favored in making an early growth 
by the climate, the fertile soil and 
the rich mineral productions of 
India. Here nature had dealt out 
her treasures to man with a lavish 
hand. The line of mental or brain 
growth in this people was in the 
direction of contemplative memory, 
centering in familism. Hence arose 
through many centuries vast systems of specu- 
lation uncertain in their outlines and impractical 
in their aims. Without scientific knowledge as a 
basis, their theories were like castles in the air. 
They accepted a philosophy without science and a 
history without dates. 

Before the Hindoo mind, the world of external 
nature seemed like an ever revolving and recurring 
panorama, incessantly coming and going. It was 
little matter to them in what part of this shifting 
illusion they might stand. What mattered it about 
dates, when each person might be secure that sooner 




PHASES OF LIFE IN INDIA. 27 

or later he would be absorbed into the infinite Brahm, 
the bliss of vast unconsciousness ? 

Like Plato and many of his followers, the Hindoos 
based much of their philosophy on the supposed 
''Illusions of the Senses." But our modern science 
of physiology has clearly proved that sensations are 
not illusory. In a state of health the eye, the ear, 
the skin and other organs of sense always tell the 
truth. They send into the brain correct reports of 
the impressions which they have received. If a mis- 
take is made in the matter, if deception occurs, then 
the fault lies with our reason, not with the sensation. 
For it is always the proper work of reason to take 
the impressions of the senses and combine these into 
a judgment of what is true in the case. The reason 
may form its judgment without comparing a sufficient 
number of reports from the senses. For example, the 
senses do not tell us that the sun rises and sets, or 
revolves around the earth. The sense of vision in 
this case simply reports that the sun, or that red disk, 
appears in different directions, or at successive posi- 
tions, during the day. It disappears in the west and 
reappears in the east. The reasoning faculties con- 
nect these appearances and comparing them with 
other experiences in which successive impressions have 
been felt, the reasoning faculties conclude that the 
sun is in motion. But in this case the data was in- 
complete and reason has failed to take into account 
all the facts. By walking around another person 
who is sitting still, and then standing still while that 
person turns himself round, we may easily prove 
that the successive appearances would be just 
the same whether it were the sun that moved 



28 HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 

round the earth, or the earth that revolved on its 
own axis. 

A careful analysis will show that in any case the 
so-called "illusion of the senses " is really a mistake of 
the judgment or reason. We have given a little 
space to this subject here because the validity of 
sensations and of human consciousness lies at the 
basis of all certain knowledge, both physical and 
spiritual. If our physical senses deceive us, then 
our spiritual senses do the same, and to the same 
extent. 

The whole superstructure of Brahminism and 
Buddhism and of various modern systems, is falsified 
by this mistaken notion about the senses. Take this 
notion away, and both the old thought of India and 
the "new thought" of recent times fall in a shapeless 
mass to the ground. 

The earliest Hindoo literature, like that of some 
other nations, took the form of poems. These grew 
by slow accretions to a great volume like the Maha- 
barata. In the twelfth century, B.C., the Brahminic 
religion had assumed what is still its modern form. 
If parts of the Vedas have been changed or formed 
since then, it was rather a change of expression than 
of thought. 

Six centuries of trial proved how much this religion 
lacked in saving power, and then Gautama sought 
anew to solve the problem of evil. He founded 
Buddhism, and while this failed to supplant Brah- 
minism in India, yet it was introduced to China and 
Japan and there became a leading religion. But this 
religion, both in its ancient form and in its modern 
shape as Theosophy, fails utterly and from its very 



PHASES OF LIFE IN INDIA. 29 

start, in solving the great problems of life and the 
universe. It tells us of "an omnipresent, eternal, 
boundless and immutable Principle, on which all 
speculation is impossible, since it is beyond the range 
and reach of thought and is both unthinkable and 
unspeakable. " Then, of course, we have a right to 
say that we do not think that it is omnipresent, nor 
that it is eternal or immutable ! Such stuff is quite 
as bad, as self-contradictory and as nonsensical as 
Spencer's "Unknowable." A "Wisdom Religion" 
should have better foundations than such wretched 
unreason. 

The lofty moral precepts of the Hindoo teachers, 
their inculcations of charity, kindness, compassion 
and truth, these were to a great extent rendered 
nugatory by customs and practices shaped by their 
false philosophies. Yet India, like China, still has a 
glorious future before her. Her salvation lies not 
in the repression and 57ippression of the senses and 
aspirations. But rather it will come from learning 
the normal ^'.rpression of these in a great and worthy 
system of truth and life. 

The north Iranians or Medes were near of kin in 
blood and thought to the Hindoos. It was the 
Japhetic race from Media who had passed into India 
and by contact with the Dravidian race there had 
developed religion and literature. The Iranians 
embodied their religion in songs or Gathas about 
1500 B. C. These were afterward included in the 
Zend Avesta by Zarathustra or Zoroaster. This 
civilization grew until we find (630 B. C.) its two 
branches, the Medes and Persians, assume a lead- 
ing position among the Oriental nations. By the 



30 



HISTORIC GROWTH O^ MA^f. 







Mohammedan conquest of India (from looi A. D.), 
the influence of Persia as well as of Arabia again 
became an element in the growth of Hindoo civili- 
zation. The Parsees are still an influential class of 
people in Hindostan. 

Semitic Civilization 
arose in the basins of 
the Euphrates and Tigris 
rivers and it divided into 
three well-marked branches. 
These were the Chaldean, 
the Assyrian and the He- 
brew. Looking at our chart 
of Historic Growth we see 
that these sprang from the 
faculties in the group of 
wealth, centering in those 
of famihsm. It w^as these ruling organs that gave 
the Assyrians and Chaldeans their boundless delight 
in war, wealth and power. The Hebrew branch 
centered on the faculties of familism and this im- 
parted a deeper religious tinge to all their civil and 
religious institutions. 

The rich and fertile alluvial plain which was 
ancient Chaldea and Mesopotamia, stretches along 
the rivers some four hundred miles by one hundred 
and more in breadth. This long tract between and 
besides the Euphrates and Tigris consists of a series 
of more and more elevated plateaus as w^e pass from 
the soutli to the north extremity where it is crossed 
by ranges of the Armenian mountains. It was in 
this fertile region that the Mosaic records placed 
the origin of the "white" race, or red men, as this 
record rightly calls them. 



ANCIENT SEM1T£:S* 31 

In the days of the Chaldean glory a vast net-work 
of canals and water courses furnished and regulated 
the irrigation of the whole lower part of this country. 
A bountiful soil easily supplied the wants of a teeming 
population. This and Palestine were the only coun- 
tries where wheat grew and still grows wild. Grain 
often returned two hundred fold to the sower. The 
traveler was greeted with the sight of fragrant groves 
of palm trees and magnificent gardens, "rising like 
islands from a golden sea of waving corn. " The 
highways were thronged with passengers going to 
and from the great marts of commerce. The land 
was rich in corn and fruits and wine. 

It was here that Nimrod, "the 
mighty hunter," laid the foundations 
of Babel or Babylon, 2250 B. C. Its 
massive walls and temples well enti- 
tled it to the name of Bab-el or "Gate 
of the Mighty. " 

Abundant clay gave a plastic and 
cheap building material, and the 
bricks of Babylon and Assyria still endure the 
changes of time. The Chaldeans soon learned 
to stamp brick tablets and thus hand down a 
historic record to posterity. In later ages they 
gathered libraries of these tablets, numbering twenty 
or thirty thousands. They patiently cut figures upon 
hard stones, with sharp outlines that still remain. 
They wove fine fabrics of linen, muslin and silk. But 
rulers and rich men absorbed the easily produced 
wealth from the people. The great buildings were 
for the kings, and nobles and gods. 

Science was little developed and art was incipient. 




32 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




The most marked advances of science were in 
noting the primitive facts of astronomy. 

In both Chaldea and Assyria selfishness ruled the 
national character far more than in China or India. 

Eber, the grandson of 
SHEM, settled in Padan-Aram, 
or Upper Ur, of the Chaldees 
Three centuries after the 
flood, the families of the 
Hebrews or Eberites were 
established there for a short 
time. From there Abraham 
set forth in obedience to a 
divine call. He journeyed 
south to Canaan, and from 
there his grandson Jacob 
took his family to Egypt. After two centuries, 
Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt. They were 
now a nation of twelve tribes and a numerous 
people. At the time of the Exodus, three divisions 
of the Egyptian army were stationed in Canaan. To 
avoid these, Moses led his people by an indirect 
route through the wilderness and waited forty years 
until the enemy had left the Promised Land. 

Moses sought to deliver his people from the aristo- 
cratic oppression they had suffered in Egypt, and 
from the confused multiplicity of gods, in Chaldea 
and Canaan. The Mosaic polity undertook to estab- 
lish the unity and fatherhood of God, and the rule of 
his laws; the unity of national and domestic life; civil 
liberty and political equality ; an elective magistracy, 
with all officers responsible to their constituents; a 
primitive education, so that all could read the law; 



ANCIENT ISRAELITES. 33: 

the sacredness of the family relation, and the inviola- 
biHty of private and pubHc property. The land was 
divided among all the tribes so that each family 
should have a home, and this was to remain in per- 
petuity. The land could never be owned and con- 
trolled by a few selfish men. 

During seven centuries, in the reigns of the Judges 
and Kings, the ideals of Moses were not carried out 
with any degree of fidelity. It was in direct violation of 
his laws that Solomon and Rehoboam had multiplied 
riches and horses and wives to themselves, in imita- 
tion of other Eastern potentates. The burden of 
heavy taxes thus thrown on the people led to a revolt 
of ten tribes and the establishment of the separate 
kingdoms of Israel and Judah. This division invited 
foreign conquests, and in 721 B. C. the Assyrians 
came and took the capital of Israel, Samaria, deport- 
ing a large mass of the people as captives. The ten 
tribes on their separation from Judah had given up 
the worship of Jehovah and adopted that of Baal 
and Ashtoreth, gods of the Canaanites. And now, 
in their captivity, they gave up their language as 
well. A few centuries later they are referred to as 
the "Lost Tribes," ''The Lost Sheep of the House of 
Israel. " 

The Kingdom of Judah lasted a little longer. It 
fell a prey to the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar 
in 604-5 B. C. After seventy years, these people 
Awere returned under the proclamation of Cyrus, the 
Persian, who had now taken the throne of Babylon. 
From that time onward this division of the Israelites 
has been known as Jews. They formed less thai; 
pne-fourth of the ancient nation of Israele 



34 HISTORIC GROWTH O^ MAN. 

After the first captivity, there came the great era of 
Hebrew prophecy. In our seventh chapter, we shall 
speak of the influence and bearing which those 
prophecies have upon our ow^n age. The Jews never 
again attained a complete independence. The Syr- 
ians, Greeks and Romans ruled them in turn until 
the destruction of Jerusalem in 69 and 70 A. D. From 
that time the Jews were scattered over the earth, yet 
always preserving their language, their history and 
their religion. 

Phenician growth. The first 
branch of the Japhetic tribes to 
reach civilization had strayed to the 
nearest home. They had turned 
down the east coast of the Mediter- 
ranean Sea and founded Phenicia. 
They invented an alphabet from the 
old hieroglyphics and a little later 
they established commerce on the 
sea. They stood in friendly relations with the 
Hebrews when the latter had driven out the Canaan- 
ites, who were of another blood. Hiram, King of 
Tyre, assisted Solomon in building the temple at 
Jerusalem, the third largest temple in the world, 
as its ancient walls still attest. 

The genius of Phenicia affected and stimulated 
other branches which had gone to Greece and Italy. 
They remained in communication with these branches. 
The famihes or tribes of lavan, Elishah, Tarshish, 
Kittim and Rodanim planted colonies all along their 
path from Aram to Italy. 

These branching stems grew up in Phrygia, Lydia, 
and Lycia, and in the Troad. And thus it came to 





GR^CO-ROMAN PHASES. 35 

pass that the earliest Grecian civiHzation was not in 
Greece itself but in Asia Minor. In the time of 
Homer its center was in Asia rather than in Europe. 
Many of the greatest of the Grecians were born out- 
side of Greece proper. Such were Homer, Aristotle, 
Apelles, Pythagoras, Archimedes and others. 

The Gr^co-Roman civilization 
was planted on a seacoast and on 
islands the most diversified in the 
world. These varied physical feat- 
ures of the country impressed and 
molded the Greek character. Here 
was to be produced the most varied 
talents and the most elaborate 
genius that the world had yet seen. 

The infancy of Greek national life may be reckoned 
fromx the age of Homer (about 1200 B. C.) to Thales, 
636 B. C. The Greeks of that age believed that the 
sky is the floor of heaven; that the earth is flat and 
full of dragons, monsters and marvels. Already in 
this age their art was emerging from the fixed and 
stiff forms of Asia. 

Grecian childhood lasted from Thales to Socrates, 
468 B. C. It was a period of active but not of 
fruitful speculation. Thales taught that the first 
principle of all things is water ; that humidity originates 
warmth, and that the world has a soul. Anaximenes 
said that the air is the principal thing, all things 
spring from it, and the air is God. Diogenes thought 
that the air has knowledge and is conscious. Anaxi- 
mander discovers the obliquity of the ecliptic but 
thinks that the earth is a cylinder, 610 B. C. In 
other things he was like a Darwinian, for he taught 



36 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

that in creation the sun acted on the primitive miry 
earth, producing filmy bladders. These, becoming 
surrounded by a prickly rind, burst, and animals 
came forth. Man was first ejected as a fish. In 
this age Pythagoras taught that all things are con- 
stituted by the laws of Sacred Numbers, 540 B. C. 

The phase of Grecian youth extended from Socrates 
to Epicurus, 341 B. C. Socrates taught that math- 
ematics and physics lead to vain conclusions. His 
pupil, Plato, thinks that the senses are illusory, and 
he believes that God, Matter and Ideas are the three 
primary principles. Epicurus believed in pleasures 
through temperance, and rejects the doctrine of im- 
mortality. But it was in the domain of art that this 
age of Greece was to make its great and brilliant 
achievements. For several centuries the Greeks had 
carefully studied the external anatomy of man. 
They now showed the results in the first statuary and 
busts that had been correct in form and proportion. 
They imitated nature in her most graceful moods. 
In one age they passed from the rude copies of 
Egyptian or Etruscan art to the masterpieces of 
Phidias, Praxiteles, Polygnotus and Apelles. They 
carried art to that high state where it became the 
admiration of all succeeding ages. In architecture 
they give us beauty and grace and strength in the 
Corinthian, Ionic and Doric columns and capitals. 

Maturity in Greece was ushered in by Aristotle, 
384 B. C. He formulated the Inductive Method in 
Logic, and he taught that organic beings form a con- 
nected chain. But in physiology he thought that the 
brain is devoid of blood and of sensation. In this age 
Euclid develops geometry, 300 B. C, and Archimedes 



OLD ROMAN LIFE. 



37 



(287 B. C.) writes on the sphere, cyHnder, endless 
screw, and many other physical problems. Eratos- 
thenes (276 B. C.) unfolds the first principles of 
geology, and Hipparchus discovers the precession of 
the equinoxes and makes a catalogue of 1,080 stars 
(160 to 145 B. C). The Greeks had now risen far 
above the vague fancies of their early philosophers. 
They had begun to lay the foundations of exact 
science. But they were not to rear the super- 
structure. 

We have touched the fairest side of Greek national 
life. On the other hand, they had been w^arlike and 
ambitious from the beginning of their history. The 
great poems of Homer had immortalized the deeds of 
their fighting heroes. And now, in this age of 
maturity, the conquests by their mighty Alexander 
tempted them to broader and foreign arenas of 
martial glory. They soon fell beneath the heavier 
and more sturdy blows of Roman warriors. It was 
Roman ambition that prematurely stopped the 
development of Greek intellect. 

Roman life and forms. 
The eastern wave of civiliza- 
tion had reached the countries 
of Greece seven centuries be- 
fore it vSpread over Italy. 
And so in arts, in letters, 
and in schoolmasters the 
Romans had become diligent 
borrowers from the Greeks. 
The Roman who was ambi- 
tious to be learned must have 
a Greek for a tutor. The two 




38 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

languages, Greek and Latin, were closely allied. This 
close intermingling of the two nations gives propriety 
to the combined title of Graeco-Roman civilization. 

The intellect of the Romans was like their bodies, 
stout, plodding and heavy set. The delicate and 
perfect chiseling of the nostrils in the Greek nose 
indicates refinement and sensitiveness of the intellect. 
The common Roman nose was less finished at the end ; 
its possessor desired knowledge for the sake of power 
and conquest rather than for its nobler uses. Aggres- 
sion and self-defense were the faculties that gave 
character to the Roman nose. The master magician, 
D!aniel, might well represent ancient Rome as a 
diverse beast, a compound of bear, lion and wolf, with 
great iron teeth. 

After rising to its meridian splendor as a great 
world-power, Rome itself sank in the luxury gotten 
from the spoils of its warlike robberies. Its great 
international roads were only extended warpaths. 
And its policy of unity between nations was summed 
up in two words — police and taxes. 

In the reign of Constantine, 325 A. D., the empire 
was officially Christianized. From that time on, 
through a thousand years, the Roman political power 
declined and fell, and side by side w4th this decline, 
rose the power of Religious Romanism, not less stern, 
aggressive, and bent on a world's conquest. 

In her long career Rome had emblazoned on the 
historic record her share of great names, Cato, Cicero, 
Julius Caesar, Pompey, Horace, Virgil, Augustus and 
the rest. In civil engineering and in the arts of 
language and oratory they left enduring and worthy 
monuments of their genius. 




christian civilization. 39 

The Christian civilization 
planted its roots in the fertile 
soil of the Greek and Roman. 
Here it received the abundant 
endowment of literature, of art 
and of wealth. It started forth 
in the direction of spiritual life 
and culture, of universal brother- 
hood and peace. It held out 
the brilliant promises of a king- 
dom of universal righteousness on this earth. Yet 
the Christian Church made no serious and persistent 
attempts to fulfil the noble promises of the Hebrew 
prophets and of Christ. In its long reign it turned 
aside from, all these and gave us instead its list 
of dogmas, sects, poverty, charities and selfish 
monopolies ! 

Christian teachers built up elaborate systems of 
theology in place of a system of life. The church 
became an Egyptian sphinx, with riddles for doc- 
trines. Its head was indeed human, but its body 
was a beast. Had Christian teachers accepted in 
good faith the teachings of Christ and the prophets, 
how widely different would have been the develop- 
ment of modern Europe ! 

Christianity became master of central and southern 
Europe, of western Asia and of north Africa, the 
wealthiest and most civilized parts of the world. 
What did it show for all this ? It brought forth the 
Middle Ages, a thousand years of intellectual stupor, 
of moral twilight and of social degradation. 

We may well ask "If Christianity can be called 
successful when, after nearly two thousand years' 



46 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

experience of it we find the mass of the population in 
Christendom struggling for bare existence, like raven- 
ous brutes in their scramble for food?*' 

With eighteen centuries in which to do its work, 
the Christian Church stands to-day and confesses itself 
helpless before the great evils that curse the world. 
Like the statesmen themselves, the church has no 
remedies to offer. It stands dumb before the prob- 
lems of labor and capital, of crushing poverty and 
widespread crime. Its leaders seek to justify their 
indifference and ignorance by falsely quoting the 
words of Christ to Pilate , *' My Kingdom is not of this 
world." What he did say was, *'My Kingdom is not 
of this Order (kosmos) ;" it could not, like the Roman, 
be established and maintained by the sword, by phy- 
sical force. It must rest on the Truth instead. There- 
fore Pilate said to the Jews: " I find no fault with this 
man. He is not guilty of sedition, of getting up a 
rebellion against the Roman arms, as you have 
charged against him." Christ told his disciples to 
pray ''Thy Kingdom come on the earth." And the 
Bible does not say anything about a ** Spiritual King- 
dom" in distinction from a literal or material one. 
Christ was to "sit on the throne of his father David," 
and certainly that throne was civil and political, as 
well as rehgious, in its legal and actual functions. 

Semitic influence. In the twelfth century, when 
the Christian Crusaders from Europe came in con- 
tact with Arabian science and learning at Jerusa- 
lem, it stimulated them anew to the study of science. 
In the south of Europe, the Jewish and Arabian 
scholars who had come through Spain, lighted the 
fires of science from that direction. Thus it was the 




AGE OF SCIENCE. 41 

influence of Semitic thought that roused Europe 
from the intellectual slumber of the Middle Ages. 
In astronomy, physics, chemi try, medicine and 
mathematics, the long list of illustrious men of 
that race prepared the minds of Europe for its age of 
mtellectual maturity. 

Age of science. From the fif- 
teenth to the nineteenth centuries the 
discoveries of Copernicus, Columbus, 
Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Harvey, 
Dalton, Cuvier, Gall, Mayer, and a 
host of other great minds paves the 
way for a new civilization. In that ^^^^^^^"^^^^ 
vast evolution of knowledge the 
scholars of Italy have taken no small part. But 
the Italian race itself had been changed from the 
old Roman by the infusion of new blood from other 
races. In the fourth and fifth centuries of our era 
the invasion of Italy by the Goths, Vandals, Huns 
and others resulted in the political fall of Rome. 
But Italy gained more than she lost. The new 
mixed race of Italians turned their thoughts to 
the conquests of art and science. It was Gothic 
blood, and not simiply the old Roman, that stirred the 
genius of Giotto, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Titiano, 
Galileo, Torricelli, Visalius, Galvani, and many others 
high on the roll of fame. 

It is very true that the vast growth of modern 
science has taken place in Christian countries. But 
this growth has not been stimulated or fostered by 
the church or its leaders. For the church, whether 
Catholic, Protestant or Greek, has sought to divorce 
religion and science as widely as possible. And 



42 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

whenever science has touched the great problems of 
life, spiritual truth, or government, then the church 
has pronounced her bitter anathemas. Or, she has 
resorted to the thumb-screw and the stake. In all this 
the church has gone square against the plain and 
strong words of the prophets and of Christ. We shall 
speak more of this mistake in our seventh chapter. 
We shall there consider the actual relation that science 
holds to religion. 

The great lesson of geology is this — that through 
all the many species of vertebrates, from the fish up to 
man, the spinal cord and lower parts of, the nervous 
system steadily diminished in size and importance, 
while the brain quite as steadily increased in relative 
size and perfection of structure. 

This all-sweeping law must also apply to the brain 
itself when we compare its lower with its higher parts. 
It must determine the successive development of its 
organs from the base to the top, as illustrated in the 
phases of personal life. The ultimate rule of the 
higher faculties of the brain is thus secured by a law 
as extensive in its sway as the existence of organic 
life itself. No hand of conservatism can turn back 
that upward march of humanity. 

Not only does the brain of man greatly predominate 
over all other parts of his nervous system, but the 
other organs of his body, especially his limbs, have 
become modified so as to be in harmony with this 
advance in brain structure and volume. In man 
alone of all animals the arms or front limbs are en- 
tirely relieved from the duty of locomotion and are 
devoted wholly to the service of the head. Man 
alone has a real hand, with each one of the fingers 



MATURITY OF THE RACE. 43 

opposable to the thumb. Upon this structure and 
form of the hand depends the possibiHty of all works 
of art and skill. 

Whatever may be the functions of the top brain, 
these well-proved laws of science assure us that these 
functions must rule in the future of national life, in 
the political conduct of men, no less than in that of 
the individual members of society. It therefore be- 
comes a question of importance: What are these 
faculties of the upper brain? The}^ are those that 
lead to science, inspiration, culture, philanthropy, 
religion, justice, devotion, love, stability, aspiration, 
self-control and civil order. They are faculties that 
by universal consent occupy the highest place in the 
estimation of civilized men. 

Maturity of the race. In Europe and Amer- 
ica, in China and India, the nations have passed 
through the phases of national childhood and youth. 
They have entered the great phase of maturity. We 
therefore have the supreme warrant of science in 
affirming that new institutions will be formed in 
which the guiding hand of science will determine the 
plans, the methods of action, and the forms of 
structure. 

In the phases of youth it was the faculties of mem- 
or}^, it was human experience and history, that guided 
the statesmen and kings. That was the best light 
they had. But in the phase of maturity the higher 
faculties of reason, with their product, science, be- 
come the guiding light. And science means exact 
knowledge, such as all can understand alike. Science 
can always count and measure. 

Whatever a nation does, is the work of its component 



44 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

units, that is, of persons. Collective action all comes 
from the faculties of individuals who make up the 
aggregate. We know from the old Egyptian mum- 
mies that man has now exactly the same number of 
faculties, exactly the same kind, that he had four 
thousand years ago. They are simply developed to 
a higher degree, that is all. In other words, the 
constitution of man remains permanent in its form 
and its parts. The science of man, with its branches 
in mental science and sociology, can show us a con- 
stitution of society which will be equally permanent 
in its forms, and yet will admit of continuous growth 
and social expansion. It will carry out all the laws 
in the nature of man and thus secure the conditions of 
universal happiness for the race. 



Social Structures. 



CHAPTER SECOND. 



SOCIAL STRUCTURES. 




,:.^ 



The institutions of society 
should be in harmony with the 
nature and the wants of man. 
This truth may seem self-evident 
to the average reader. Yet it has 
never been made the basis of ac- 
tion by the builders of our social 
structures. But science accepts 
this truth as the only safe and 
intelligent basis. Otherwise, we would be compelled 
to think that the constitution of man is in its very 
essence false and bad, and therefore institutions 
should be formed and carried on without any regard 
to mian's nature, his desires or his needs. The subject 
is so important that it must have several pages of 
discussion. 

A life in some form of organized society is the 
natural condition of man. If we look at the maps of 
the brain we shall see that one-third of the faculties 
are social in their very nature. That is, these facul- 
ties of love or affection, in any person, m_ust always 
have some other person as their object of action. 
Thus I cannot exercise my faculty of friendship unless 
there is some person for me to love as a friend. I can- 
not exercise my parental love unless there is some 

47 



48 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAX. 

young person to be its object. And so of each social 
faculty. They bind human beings together in society ; 
they make association essential to our normal exist- 
ence. More than that, science teaches us that every 
one of these social faculties must involve the intellect 
and the will in order to express itself. It is therefore 
a scientific truth that all of our faculties are involved 
in the relations of society. Man is not like a tree in 
this regard. You cannot isolate him from his fel- 
lows and yet have him live a full or complete life. 

The eye of man adapts him to live in a world which 
is full of light ; the ear is fitted to a world where sounds 
are made, and the lungs are adapted to a w^de-spread 
atmosphere. And it is equally true that the social 
faculties adapt man to live in a world of society. 

As the eye can only be satisfied by light, the lungs 
by air and the stomach by food, so each mental organ 
has wants of only one kind. Thus the wants of 
Friendship always relate to friends in some way; 
those of Integrity can only be satisfied by justice or 
right, and those of Reason by clear or scientific truth. 
For a negative example, you cannot satisfy the organ 
of Dignity by pro\4ng that a mixture of red and blue 
may produce a purple hue. But such an experiment 
might gratify the organ of Color. 

All men admit that w^e may learn the laws of \'ision 
for the eye, or the laws of breathing for the lungs. 
But the brain is not an abstraction. It is a real 
physical organ, as much so as the eye or the lungs. It 
must be, therefore, that the social organs of the brain 
have natural laws to govern their normal action. 
And we may learn and apply these natural laws to our 
s^ocial institutions. 



THE WANTS OF SOCIETY. 



49 



A TRUE SOCIAL SCIENCE must do Something more 
than to merely study the lessons of past human 
experience. Classified statistics do not constitute 
sociology. If true to its work, on the basis of natural 
laws, sociology must describe a definite constitution 
for society, including all of its necessary institutions 
and departments. We will now show on the next 
page how this must and can be done. We shall base 
the argument upon propositions which become self- 
evident when once they are stated. 

If the method here proposed is new, then let our 
readers remember that science always gives us new 
methods, as in the railway, the telegraph and the 
telephone. And the new methods are quite as certain 
as the old, aside from their great gain in other essen- 
tial qualities. 

The wants of man in so- 
ciety arise from every group 
of faculties. They are a nat- 
ural outgrowth. For example 
— the organs of memory, at- 
tention and language create 
the desire for knowledge and 
lead us to organize a system 
of schools where useful facts 
and truths may be easily 
learned. 

These faculties also impel us 
to preserve public records, with history and literature. 

The mental faculties of appetite and of the other 
senses in that group lead men to unite so that they 
may cultivate the earth for food; they induce men 
to form railway and other companies which may 







50 



HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 



transport this food to different parts of the country, 
and they lead us to form agricultural societies which 
may spread the best knowledge of food culture. 

The passion of sex-love leads to the institution of 
marriage, and with parental love originates the 
family. The family itself, in early ages, increases to 
a tribe, and these tribes at last become a nation. 
The religious faculties require some kind of religious 
institutions; and the organs of rulership or ambition 
demand fixed forms of government and 'public life. 
The faculties of labor can only be satisfied by organ- 
ized methods of industry; those of wealth require a 
public treasury with just economic conditions, and 
the organs of commerce demiand public highways 
and trade. The organs of perception lead to organ- 
ized workshops, factories and fine arts; those of 
science lead to the higher institutions of learning, 
while those of culture require conditions for universal 
improvement and happiness. All this analysis shows 
that back of each institution stands some mental 
faculty as its producing cause and as its constant 
source of activity and power. 

Men follow a natural im- 
pulse when they choose offi- 
cers and form departments 
to represent and supply 
these collective wants. And 
it is self-evident that they 
should all be represented in 
a complete social organism. 

Our conscious wants 
always start in the brain. 
If we should cut off the 




.m^' 



THE WANTS OF SOCIETY. 51 

nerves that connect the stomach with the brain, then 
we should not be conscious that we needed food. 
We should not be hungry. And so of all parts of 
the body. A million of nerve fibers reach from these 
parts and connect them in responsive action with 
definite parts of the brain. Each muscle depends 
for its stimulus of movement upon some fibers of the 
brain which have the same direction as its own. And 
so of heart, lungs, kidneys and other vital organs. 
A special part of the brain is in close sympathy with 
each one. It therefore follows that in representing 
the organs of the brain by ofiicers of society we also 
make direct provision for all bodily wants. 

For convenience of reference, we condense in a table 
below the twelve groups of collective wants. 

I St. Institutions based on the collective wants of 
man. 

2d. Art, beauty and utility in harmonic homes. 

3d. Our unity with cycles, seasons and dates. 

4th. Science with inspiration the measure of truth. 

5th. Personal, social and physical culture. 

6th. Dual work and offices for the two sexes. 

7th. Religion as the responsive unity of all life. 

8th. Members grouped by character in twelve 
departments. 

9th. All officers chosen or deposed by election. 

loth. Organized industries; assurance against 
want. 

nth. Collective ownership for things of collective 
use. 

12th. Equity, peace and unity between nations. 



52 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




It is evident that the 
faculty of memory in 
each member creates the 
want and makes that 
micmber wilUng to unite 
with the rest to select 
one person as secretary 
or recorder, that he may 
remember for the society 
by keeping its records. 
In doing this work he is 
filling a natural function 
of the organ of memory 
as much as when he is 

remembering or noting a fact privately for himself. 
And so, too, the treasurer fills a natural function of 
the organ of economy when he is caring for the 
public funds. If the members had no organs of 
memory and economy, then they would never think 
of having a secretary or a treasurer. They would 
not be conscious of any such wants. Thus each offi- 
cer really corresponds to some leading mental faculty. 

A DUAL PHASE OF ACTION thus bclongs to cvcry 
mental faculty. One phase relates to our private, 
individual life. The other phase relates to our 
work and association with others in the collective 
actions of society. This latter phase is centered in 
the duties of the officers. The psychologists, scien- 
tists, and phrenologists have overlooked or omitted 
all these functions of the mental faculties which pro- 
duce collective wants and lead to institutions. 

CiviLiSM IN 1 88 1. A critical and extended ex- 
amination of all institutions up to the year t88l 



OLD AND NEW FORMS: 53 

proves that they have left unrepresented all of the 
collective wants from the upper and nobler half of the 
brain. This is marked in the initial engraving on 
page 52. That is the best result that mere human 
experience and the light of history could give. 

For three thousand years the statesmen undertook 
to learn these collective wants by the light of experi- 
ence. They studied history with great diligence. 
They knew the conduct of men. The proud result 
of all their vain labor is summed up in our engrav- 
ing of civilism. Their method itself was essentially 
imperfect. And they discovered less than half of 
the wants of man. 

The statesmen knew, as Blackstone says, that 
''The wants of individuals are the natural founda- 
tions of society." But they had no standard of 
completeness. In a disconnected way they multi- 
plied institutions and officers by the hundreds. 
Thus we find state and municipal governments, 
legislators, senates, councils, cabinets, bureaus, 
agricultural societies, literary and scientific associa- 
tions, public and private schools and colleges, art 
societies, fraternal and secret lodges, labor unions, 
railway companies, fighting armies, etc. Each 
of these has a board of officers, numbering from three 
up to forty. 

With all this complication one would think that 
nothing should be left out. Yet the result was the 
vast deficiencies we have already noted. To imitate 
the past was to work after very imperfect copies. 

The statesmen knew the outside of men. That 
was like studying the outside case of a watch. You 
could not learn its mechanism; could not learn to 



54 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

make one in that way. The statesmen did not see 
the vital connection between our social wants and the 
faculties. They did not discover the actual and living 
factors of society in the brain itself, the direct source 
of all human activities. 

Now that this discovery is actually made, we can 
lay out the plan for a complete social organism. The 
engraving of social functions illustrates this plan, on 
the next page. In the place of each faculty is the 
title of an officer. In this model the two brain cen- 
ters are represented by a president and a presidess. 
The marshal is in place of the centron, a great nerve 
center through which the brain and the body act and 
react upon each other. 

The presiding centers of the brain, the motus 
and sensus, are duplicated in each hemisphere 
of the brain, right and left. The sensus or back 
center receives the impressions which come in from 
the various parts of the bod}^ on the nerves of sense. 
It is essentially receptive, and it dominates in the 
character of woman. But, like the front center, it 
has some power to combine and modify as well as to 
register these impressions. 

The motus is the center for motor impulses. It 
combines currents from the intellect, the feelings 
and the will and sends these directive currents out 
to the various muscles throughout the body. The 
motus is essentially directive and positive. It domi- 
nates in tlie normal character of the male sex or man. 
Hence we have both a male and a female center in 
society, a presidess as well as a president. 

These brain centers originate our idea that many 
different functions can be combined into a unity; that 



THE MODEL OF SOCIETY. 



55 







THE MODEL OF SOCIETY, 



56 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAlSf. 

a number of persons, each doing his special part, can 
be united and work for one common end. If these 
brain centers did not exist in man, then there would 
never be any concert of action, any combined labor 
among men. We could never have any distinct con- 
ception of such a thing. These centers exist in the 
ants and the bees as well as in the humans. 

The model on the preceding page should be com- 
pared with the engraving on the next page. This 
exhibits the general plan of the brain as now under- 
stood by scientific men. The faculties have definite 
lines of action. Two chief lines balance all the others. 
These two lines form the major and minor axis of an 
ellipse, as shown in the lower right-hand corner. 
They reach from front to back and from top to 
bottom. 

Each mental organ consists of a group of micro- 
scopic nerve cells at the surface of the brain and of a 
bundle of fibers which extend from these cells to one 
of the brain centers. The functions gradually change 
as we pass from one region to another on the surface. 

The central officers preside at meetings and 
collective work. They entertain and put motions 
to vote. They each have a single vote like the mem- 
bers. But they have no veto power as in civilism. 
They may offer suggestions or make arguments upon 
motions which originate with officers or members. 
And they have a right to appoint temporary officers 
to fill vacancies. 

The perfect model. Our mental classification 
gives us twelve groups and thirty-six faculties. In 
another place we will give reasons for this analysis 
of the mind. We may note here, however, that the 



PLAN Of THE SRAIN. 



57 
















'■^^.^^ 



^?^^m^*^e,^ht^| 






^j*^ 












^y/i: 










PLAN OF THE BRAIN. 



58 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

existence of all these faculties is admitted at the 
present day by our leading scientific men and by our 
literary writers and linguists. But in English we 
have no single word for sex-love, or for parental love, 
nor for familism. 

A complete social organism will therefore have 
twelve departments and three officers for each one, 
as given in the next table. There would also be three 
central officers. In the table, a sub- department is 
placed under each officer. Each of these thirty-six 
admits of divisions into lesser and lesser groups, each 
under an assistant. 

The wife of the marshal acts as an assistant to him 
and this makes a complete list of forty officers, when 
the whole is fully organized. 

In past times every step in social growth was an 
attempt to represent some of the social wants. With 
science to guide us, we may now carry out to com- 
pleteness that which has been done in a blind and 
fragmentary way from the earliest ages. 



THE SOCIAL MODEL. 

DEPARTMENTS OF SOCIETY. 



59 



CENTERS— President and Presidess; Marshal. 



CULTURE. 
RECEPTOR, 

Receptions. 

CULTIST, 

Reform. 

Dramatist, 

Manners. 

SCIENCE. 
SCIENTIST, 
Laws. 
Seeress, 
Esthetics. 
Artisan, 
Inventions. 

LETTERS. 
RECORDER, 
Records. 
Curator, 
Publication. 
Mtisician, 
Literature. 

ARTS. 

DESIGNER, 
Designs. 

COSTUMIST, 

Costume. 

Furnisher, 

Furnishing, 



RELIGION. 
PASTOR, 

Worship. 

Minister, 

Interchanges. 

Courier, 

Messages. 

MARRIAGE. 
RITEMAN, 
Rites. 
Matron, 
Heredity. 
Waiter, 
Luxuries. 

FAMILISM. 
CONDUCTOR, 
Schools. 
Guardian, 

Amusements. 

Server, 

Service. 

HOME. 

PURVEYOR, 

Foods. 

Mistress, 

Housework. 

Sanatist, 

Sanitation, 



RULERSHIP. 
RULER, 
Leaders. 
Elector, 
Elections. 
Ensign, 
Displays. 

LABOR. 
JUSTICE, 
Judgment. 
Organizer, 

Employment. 
Watchman , 
Environs. 

WEALTH. 
FOREMAN, 
Factories. 
Economist, 
Economics. 
Keeper, 
Stores. 

COMMERCE. 
ENGINEER, 

■ Roads. 
Merchant, 
Distribution. 
Tillman, 
Fertility. 



60 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MA^f. 

As examples of the lesser social groups, take the 
sub-department of Designs. It divides into de- 
signing, engraving and sculpture. That of Records 
includes statistics, history and libraries. That of 
Environs includes climate, herds and storm signals. 
That of fertility includes textile culture, fertilizers 
and forestry. 

The ranks of society may, for convenience, 
be arranged as Primary Bands, Cities, Counties, 
States, Nations and the inter-nation or Unation. All 
these have the same constitution, the same number 
of departments and officers, because the wants of all 
of them are alike in kind. They differ only in the 
extent of territory and the amount of details which 
each one includes. 

For illustration, it requires the same kind of knowl- 
edge and skill to build a short road that only reaches 
through a town, that it does to build one that extends 
across the country of a nation. The city road would 
be built under the supervision of the City Engineer 
and the national road under the National Engineer. 

The change of titles for different ranks is 
only made in those of the two central officers. 
Thus, in the Primary Band these are called the 
center and centress; in the city they are mayor and 
mayoress ; in the county they are count and countess ; 
in the state, governor and governess; in the nation, 
president and presidess, and in the unation they are 
the prince and princess. 

By this uniformity of constitution and of titles it is 
always easy to understand the relations which the 
different ranks sustain to each other, the manner in 
which they cooperate for all collective purposes. 



REPRESENTATION. 61 

And the boy or girl who learns the duties of the de- 
partments and offices in the town at home, will under- 
stand without further study those that belong to the 
county, the state or the nation. This uniformity is 
not only natural and true, but it is a great advantage 
over the disorderly ranks and confusing changes in 
the old forms of civilism. 

Representation. The wants of the lower ranks 
are answered by the higher through like parts 
of each. Thus, if a want in regard to food arises 
in the home departm^ent of some town and cannot 
be answered there, then it would be represented in 
and answered by the home department of that county. 
Or, if necessary, it would be carried up to the corre- 
sponding department in the state or nation. These 
wants may be made known through any of the ordi- 
nary channels of communication, by messages, or by 
special delegates. All the interests, employments 
and professions of society are organized, secured and 
represented in the twelve departments with invari- 
able certainty and equality. 

Thus, for the first time in history we have the plan 
for a truly representative system of government. In 
parliaments, reichstags, assemblies and congresses, 
the members are sent to represent so many people, 
or such and such a part of the country. But they 
do not represent the wants of the people. Except 
by accident, or in a disorderly way, or in case of un- 
usual good will and intelligence. It was the inherent 
imperfection and badness of those systems that 
brought about such abortive and expensive results. 

In the plans as here proposed we have forty officers 
in place of the hundreds which belonged to the plans 



62 



HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 



of civilism. Yet we represent much more; a greater 
number of functions. In the matter of economy as 
well as of clearness in working, the advantages are 
greatly in favor of the new order. The new is both 
order and harmony; the old was confusion and un- 
certainty. 

Elective officers. The act of voting is the 
formal expression of a choice in regard to officers, 
laws, or social action. As this choice or preference 
naturally exists in all adult 
persons, therefore all have a 
natural right to vote. This 
right cannot be created or 
conferred by men. But we 
may state the conditions 
and methods for its expres- 
sion. These conditions may 
vary with different phases of 
social evolution. We are here 
stating the methods after 
society becomes definitely or 
permanently organized. 

All regular officers are elected, or impeached 
and deposed, by a direct and free vote of those 
they are to officially represent. But in case of 
vacancies, the centers, or the remaining officers, 
may appoint temporary officers until elections can 
be held. 

The age for voting is fixed at the twentieth 
year, except in the minor or Pearl and Culture Bands, 
where the children and youth vote at the seventh 
and thirteenth year of age, respectively. In these 
classes and in the schools, the young learn how to 




'^'^tnm^ 



CHOOSING THE LEADERS. 63 

vote before they have attained adult Hfe and have 
become fitted for its responsibihties. 

Manner of voting. The voting members of 
each Primary Band gather at their own central 
mansion at nine o'clock in the morning of election 
day. The tellers, that is, two assistants of the elector, 
pass ballots containing the names of all the candi- 
dates, to each member. The members mark with a 
red pencil against the candidates of their own choice ; 
the tellers then collect the folded ballots, the curator 
and elector count them, and announce the result. 
This is set down by the recorder and reported to the 
central government. It thus needs only forty-five 
minutes to elect the national officers and the others 
who may be elected at the same time. 

In the lesser groups the leaders may be elected by 
the members of each group. 

A CANDIDATE should liavc served well in some 
lower office and be well-known to the public. This 
would save all need for the noise, expense and clap- 
trap of political campaigns. A scientific examination 
should test the candidates' knowledge as well as the 
possession of those special talents required in the 
proposed office. The best persons must be secured 
for office by making the standard of qualification as 
high as possible in each age. The engineer must be 
a master of engineering, both civil and motor; the 
purveyor must thoroughly understand agriculture. 
And so of the rest. 

If an officer does not behave well, does not fill the 
office in a satisfactory manner, then the people can 
vote him out of office just as they voted him in. 
They have the power of recall or impeachment in 



64 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

their own hands. But the charges against an officer 
must be sustained by competent witnesses and in a 
formal manner. 

The time of elections is set for the 9th day 
of March, the officers entering upon their official 
duties the 21st, that is, at the Vernal Equinox. This 
is the true beginning of the year and is thus recog- 
nized in the new social order. 

Of course elections to fill vacancies or to form new 
bands may take place at other times than March 21st. 

In the primary band and city the elections are to 
be held every year; in the county, every three years; 
in the state, every five years; in the nation, every 
seven years, and in the unation every twelve years. 

Nominating conventions are held twelve days 
previous to election, in the county, state or na- 
tion. These conventions are presided over by the 
two centers, the recorder, curator and marshal, who 
already hold office in that county, state or nation, as 
the case may be. These officers must leave the mass 
of the numbers entirely free in their election of 
nominees and in the presentation of subjects for 
political or social issues. Where two or more political 
parties exist with different issues, each shall be given 
one day for a convention. National conventions con- 
sist of three delegates from each state, chosen by mass 
meetings. State conventions have two delegates 
from each county, chosen in the same way. Only 
delegates, and not officers, have a vote in the con- 
ventions. 

The argument. We have thus sketched a plan 
for the social organism which is in harmony, in 
each part, with the constitution of man. We have 



CHOOSING THE LEADERS. 65 

not based the argument upon analogies. We have 
dealt with the direct and natural functions of the 
faculties. If the social and other faculties do not pro- 
duce social or collective wants, then where do such 
wants come from ? And if institutions do not supply 
these wants, then it is evident that we do not want 
the institutions. 

It has been a com.mon but false idea that there 
might be a number of different plans of government, 
and that any one of these might work successfully in 
securing universal happiness. Let us consider this for 
a moment. Suppose that we could put the soul or 
mind of man into the body of a horse, would the 
mind be able to use this just as well as it did the 
human body ? With the feet of the horse instead of 
hands, could we cultivate the earth, build houses and 
write books ? It is equally true that the very forms 
of our institutions, the plans of social structure, are of 
immense consequence. For these are the instruments, 
the organs, with which we do the collective work of 
society. 

The transition steps to the higher social order 
are simple, easy and natural. At the end of the 
sixth chapter we shall briefly sketch the simplified 
plan for fraternal and culture bands. Each of these 
will require onl}^ twelve officers instead of thirty-six. 
They are schools for learning the new system and they 
take the place of all other fraternal orders. 

We have not sketched a Utopia, a fanciful scheme 
which requires an experiment or trial before we could 
know whether it would be successful. If in past times 
men have blindly represented a part of the faculties 
by officers, then we are entirely certain that we can 



66 HlSTOklC GROWTH OF MAN. 

now go on and represent all of the group and 
faculties by departments and officers. For our list 
of faculies is complete, as human life is now known. 
We, therefore, know in advance that the new social 
Order will be more successful than any of the past 
forms of social structure. 

In the following chapters we shall see how the 
natural laws furnish us an ample and specific guide 
in the administrative, judicial, industrial and all other 
actions of a perfect social order. 



Social Mechanism and Action 




CHAPTER THIRD. 

SOCIAL MECHANISM AND ACTION. 

A MILLION MEN when 
they are associated ac- 
quire no new powers or 
faculties. They only at- 
tain better conditions for 
using those which they al- 
ready possess. They increase the quantity and the 
freedom of their powers, but do not change the kind. 
One man has not sufficient power to build a railway, 
a steamship or a temple. Unite a million men and 
the difficulty vanishes. 

The units of society are persons. And whatever 
powers or rights society may possess, it must derive 
these from the nature of its component units. The 
laws of social order, of social action, are therefore in 
the nature of man. In ever}^ act of life man is either 
acting in harmony with some law of his nature or else 
he is acting contrary to some inherent law of his 
being. 

Long ages passed before m.an could rise to a concep- 
tion of this truth and of its application to public 
affairs or collective life. The old Romans thought it 
perfectly right for the rulers to invent or enact laws 
which pleased or favored themselves. It was the. 
business of the people to submit and not complain. 

69 



70 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAX. 

Yet if we look through the Justinian Code, 427 B. C, 
we shall find that many of its laws were simply 
codified statements of what had been established by 
ancient customs. In the Mosaic Code of the Bible 
the same is true. Many of its law^s and provisions 
simply stated in a more formal w^ay things that had 
long been done among the Israelites and the surround- 
ing nations. 

Is IT RIGHT then, for each man to follow his own 
momentary impulses in acting with his fellowmen, 
in affairs of public life ? Even in a mob, men do not 
follow^ individual impulses. All the great ends of 
social or collective action would be defeated in that 
way. Collective action requires a common thought, 
unity of purpose, and a w^ell understood plan of pro- 
cedure. 

Men differ in their ideas because they have been 
born with their faculties developed in different degrees 
and the}^ have been subjected to different conditions 
and influences, as well as teachings. Men come to 
agree with each other by a comparison of their ideas 
and by a common study of how their ideas originated. 
In this way they at length reach that form of knowl- 
edge which is called science. 

Now scientific proof is always of such a character 
that all persons can understand it alike. Hence, 
science can always be made a safe basis for united 
action among men. Science discovers laws; it does 
not invent them. Science explains, but it does not 
dictate. Its authority is not personal, but is in the 
very nature of the objects which it describes. 

When man was created, or evolved, as you like, 
nature did not overlook the great fact that in all 



STATICS AND DYNAMICS. 71 

ages men would associate with each other in com- 
munities and nations. Nature did not overlook the 
twelve social organs in the brain through which this 
result has been made a perpetual necessity. And 
nature did not fail to provide inherent laws for these 
organs of the brain, just as she did for the eye, the 
ear, the lungs, and all other organs. We cannot 
invent or make laws for seeing, or hearing, or breath- 
ing. Neither can we make nor invent true laws for 
the social faculties, for the collective action and in- 
stitutions am.ong men. 

But we may discover and apply these laws. We may 
supply them with good conditions for their higher 
and more perfect action, and we may write these 
laws down in clear statements so that they shall be- 
come the common basis of agreement and collective 
activities. 

''Social statics ' should describe natural in- 
stitutions, and "social dynamics" should describe 
the natural and therefore normal actions of society. 
If man's faculties did not remain permanently the 
same, then these two branches of sociology could not 
be developed and would never reach a practical form. 

No legislative or other lawmaking bodies are re- 
quired in the new social order. Instead of these, we 
have the deparments of science. The work of dis- 
covering, formulating and applying the natural social 
laws is done in these departments and those of culture. 
In any case where the required natural law is not 
known, then temporary expedients may be adopted 
until the natural law can be discovered. 

Discoveries and inventions are made by members 
who are in various departments of employment, 



?2 HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 

How shall these be brought before the people and 
adopted? The Swiss Referendiam requires that in 
any case of new measures there may be a petition 
presented to the government and this must be signed 
by a certain per cent, of the voters. In Britain or 
America this per cent, would require, say 250,000 
voters. Then the matter is submitted to a vote of the 
whole nation for acceptance or rejection. 

But the Swiss form of procedure is not in harmonj^ 
with the great laws of evolution. For discoveries 
and inventions are not made by masses of men, nor 
by communities and nations. We all know that they 
are made by single persons, or in some cases, by two 
or three. And when a man makes an invention or 
a discovery which may affect the public welfare, he 
has a natural right to be heard before a competent 
tribunal. In many cases he has used as the basis of 
his work all the knowledge on that subject which the 
world had accumulated, as in the case of Watt with 
his engine and Morse with the telegraph. After per- 
forming this great and beneficent task, what justice 
or wisdom is there in requiring him to go before the 
general public, here and there, as he may, finding by 
accident those who may become interested in his new 
work, until after years of effort he may gain the re- 
quisite number of petitioners ? Nothing but stupidity 
or brutality could require this. In the case of Morse, 
he petitioned a congress in which not one member was 
fitted by training or by knowledge to judge in the 
matter. 

It is high time that humanity should learn that it 
is natural to grow, natural to learn and to invent 
new things. And that the man who leads in this 



THE RIGHT TO BE HEARD. 73 

growth deserves the wise assistance and not the in- 
difference or curses of the pubUc. 

The people often have had to wait long years for 
benefits which might have been secured at once. In- 
stead of the older methods we propose 

The Receptum. It is one function of the receptor 
and the cultist, acting in connection with the officers 
proper for each case, to receive, examine, and prove all 
proposed measures, inventions, or discoveries which 
may affect the public welfare, and to formulate these 
so that the presiding officers shall duly submit them 
to a vote of the people for acceptance or rejection. 

The receptum is therefore a division in the depart- 
ment of culture. Its working can be easily under- 
stood. In order to ffil their general duties these two 
officers must keep themselves familiar with the prog- 
ress of science, art and invention. They must be 
trained in critical judgment and in the methods of 
testing in science. Let us suppose a case. In some 
town a member makes a scientific discovery. He 
works it out to the best of his ability. Then he goes 
to the cultist and receptor in that town and lays the 
discovery before themx with its proofs and the steps 
he has taken in making it. The receptor calls in the 
scientist, for the case will require his kind of knowl- 
edge and judgment. Together they examine the dis- 
covery with its process and the validity of its evidence. 
They may, perchance, detect vital defects in the 
reasoning and thus show the discoverer that his work 
is yet incomplete, or inconclusive. Or, they may 
approve it in every part. In the latter case they 
would prepare a statement of it for submission to a 
popular vote. 



74 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The officers may consider the matter of such wide- 
spread interest that it should come at once before the 
whole nation. If so, they would send the whole to 
the national receptor, with their approval and com- 
ments. Or from the common fund they may furnish 
the. discoverer means to go in person to the national 
receptor. 

If it were a new invention in engines that was 
made, then the receptor would call in the engineer to 
assist in his work of examination. And so of other 
departments. It might even require the judgment 
of officers from several departments. Some of our 
readers may fear that to thus open wide the official 
doors for a hearing of new things would at once 
invite a flood of worthless notions ; that the receptum 
would be crowded wdth cranks, sane and insane, 
each insistent with his claims to attention. This ob- 
jection is not a serious one. In the first place, there 
is not a multitude of cranks with inventive minds in 
any one town. And if there were, it is better to 
waste some of the time of one officer than to bother 
the whole public with their worthless projects. 
And when a new education is once established there 
will be few cranks and no monomaniacs in the 
community. 

Important measures for public action, either 
temporary or permanent, are often devised by single 
persons. In all cases these can be brought before 
the people through the receptum. Nature made 
man a progressive being, capable of evolution and 
culture, by planting the organs of culture in his 
brain. These organs make him desire to learn new^ 
things and apply the new knowledge to the continued 



THE MODEL CITY. 75 

improvement of his own character and the betterment 
of his conditions. 

The model city has twelve departments, each 
filled by people whose natural talents and training 
fit them for that kind of emplo3^ment. These de- 
partments are divided into sub-groups so as to include 
all the varieties of work necessary to make up the 
complex life of society. 

The plan on the next page shows that the arrange- 
ment of these departments is copied from that of the 
brain. This enables them all to respond and co- 
operate with each other in a perfectly natural manner. 
x\nd this also m.eans that the}^ have the highest degree 
of dispatch, economy and convenience in all their 
operations. 

Quite recently the chief officer in the largest city 
of the world asserted in public that there is not a 
large city on earth that is planned with reference to 
the inventions, utilities, knowledge and requirements 
of modern civilized life ! The man of science, then, 
has a good reason for washing to present a better 
model, one in which wisdom, beaut}^- and utility shall 
have equal expression. 

The various employments of society bear certain 
fixed relations to each other. And these relations 
depend both upon the very nature of the employ- 
ments and upon the arrangement of groups in the 
brain itself. For it is this internal order of parts 
among the faculties that makes us conscious of 
external order and adapts us to work in outward 
arrangements. 

A single example will illustrate this point. On the 
south side of the city three departments form the 



76 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAlSf. 




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:J&i{lMA^ir 



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Ctllture.u' 






5 

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'it. 










MLtM\';J 



THE MODEL CITY. 



THE MODEL CITY. 77 

base line. The first, or that of art, produces various 
objects of use and beauty, more than are needed for 
home consumption. Then the third department, or 
commerce, may distribute this excess to various coun- 
tries where needed. But the middle department, 
the home, must have led men to build houses, work- 
shops and store-houses, before the manufacturing 
arts could be developed to any practical extent and 
therefore, before commerce itself could exist. The 
home is, therefore, the vital pivot of action for both 
art and commerce. In the brain, these two last are 
on each side of the home group, so that they can 
always respond to each other. 

Looking at the west side of the city, or the front 
of the brain, we find letters, science and culture. The 
faculties of letters, or learning, that is, memory, 
attention a.nd language, acquire, arrange, and store 
up or record the masses of necessary facts. These 
facts must be analyzed, reasoned about, and their 
underlying laws found out by the faculties of science 
or reason, in the middle department. Then the new 
truths, or rules, thus elaborated, can be turned over 
or passed on to the third department or culture. 
Here the work of applying truth is done. The officers 
here take the lead in seeing to it that the new truths 
are put to their best uses in securing human happiness. 
Crude facts, either massed or isolated, are not prac- 
tical. Their value only comes when reason has 
educed principles from them. Thus we see that 
science is the necessary middle pivot of letters and 
culture. 

Again, on the east side of the city we have wealth, 
industry and rulership or ambition. Here we may 



78 HISTORIC GROWTH 01^ MAN* 

readily perceive that the ambition to excel, to im- 
prove ourselves and our fellows, would amount 
to little if industry did not impel us to useful labor^ 
and if wealth did not lead us to store up or take good 
care of the things which industry had produced. We 
see the close and constant dependence of these three 
departments. The most perfect government is that 
which most favors the complete organization of in- 
dustry. 

In the front brain, the counterpoise or balance of 
industry is science. For science discovers and form- 
ulates laws and rules; then industry uses these in 
every part of its varied work, giving them a material 
embodiment. 

The counterpoise of ambition in the back brain is 
the group of culture in the front. That is, however 
ambitious we may be, we cannot rise actually higher 
in the ranks of life except through actual culture, by 
becoming wiser and better. And all assumption of 
social rank merely because of wealth, is unbalanced 
and false assumption. It indicates a lack of wisdom 
in those who assume and in those who assent. 

Marriage naturally results in its counterpoise, the 
family. We cannot exalt one very high without the 
other. Without the family as a center of increase, 
there could be no communities and nations. And 
there could be no religion. For history proves to us 
that religion has always dealt with the relations of 
man to man no less than with the relations of man to 
superior or spiritual beings. And it has always de- 
duced, more or less, one from the other. Differences 
of rank and power are conspicuous among men, and 
easily form a basis for conceiving of beings still higher 



SOCIAL BALANCES. 79 

than man. We may say that the true function of 
reHgion is two-fold. First, it must unite the entire 
human race in one composite and responsive Hfe. 
Second, it must unite and harmonize man with the 
Hving, conscious beings of the universe. 

Unity of plan. In this phase of our general 
subject we may well consider for a moment why we 
should not divide up the necessary functions of 
society among a large number of quite independent 
organizations and leave the mass of the people free 
to support and use these as they please without 
any concern of the civil government. This would 
be the kind of social growth that has taken place 
in the United States, in Britain and various civilized 
countries. It seems to the people themselves that it 
secures them a great amount of freedom. However, 
we shall soon see that it involves an unnatural and 
unhealthy social growth and defeats its own apparent 
ends. The argument here will rest upon laws of 
evolution now accepted by science. 

Evolution of trades. The division of labor 
the specialization of functions, governs the social 
progress of man no less than it does the develop- 
ment of the entire scale of animals. For example, 
in national infancy each person performs every kind of 
labor pursued by any of the rest. Each man, in a 
rude way, is at once hunter, farmer, mechanic and 
merchant. The savage chief hunts his own game, 
dresses and cooks it, gathers his own nuts and wild 
fruit, and makes his own rude clothing of skins, and 
his ruder hut of sticks and mud. 

In later periods, persons who show particular 
aptitude for special kinds of labor begin to devote 



80 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

themselves to the kinds in which they excel, and 
thus the various trades and professions come into 
existence. One man makes arrowheads, another 
blankets, another huts and so on. 

Along with, or out of, this division of labor there 
grows a far greater degree of mutual dependence 
between the members of societ}^ And this in- 
creases just in proportion to the advance of civiliza- 
tion and social unfolding. For the m.en of each 
trade must exchange their products with those of 
other trade . 

While all this makes men more dependent, it also 
makes them more completely individualized. The 
most highly individualized man is the one who has 
depended upon the greatest number of his fellow- 
beings for the materials, the comforts and the luxuries^ 
of life. For he has been subject to the greatest num- 
ber of diverse and moulding influences. 

The larmer is dependent upon the tradesman, the 
grocer, the carpenter, the shoemaker and those of a 
hundred other trades. And conversely each of these 
is dependent upon the farmer and upon all the others. 
The greater the degree of individuality the greater is 
the degree both of mutual dependence and of social 
unity in action and in feeling. 

But while labor and exchange remain in the stage 
of competition, there is no formal or practical recogni- 
tion of these mutual dependencies. There is no pro- 
vision to secure organized unit}^ of action. Instead 
of this, we only find a selfish antagonism of interests. 
Every man's hand is against that of his neighbor. 
What is for the interest of one man in civilism, is 
against the interests of the rest. Such is the state of 



INDIVIDUALITY AND DEPENDENCE. 81 

industry in all civilized nations in this yea^- of 1884, 
common era. The agricultural society is not connected 
with the state government, the temperance society is 
severed from the schools, commerce is divorced from 
art, literature is separated from finance, for mental 
and physical wealth seem to have no connection, the 
scientists do not mingle with the laborers, and culture 
is not made a test of fitness for official positions. 

No civilized statesmen seem wise 
enough to provide for the united 
action of these independent inter- 
ests. Science proves and experi- 
ence confirms their constant and 
important interdependence. The 
statesmen have left their connec- 
tion wholly to chance or accident. 
The result of this chance work is 
that society is a vast aggregation of discordant and 
mutually interfering or destructive organiz^ions. 

The social structure thus comes to resemble the 
very low forms of animal life, like the polyps and 
jelly fishes, instead of higher forms. Let us consider 
the division of labor in these lower animals. 

The division of labor and the changes of 
structure form the important law of specialization. 
And this affects the career of everything, whether it 
be the formation of a world, of an animal, or of a 
nation. The functions and actions which, in early 
stages of evolution are performed in a rude and 
general way by a few organs or parts, or else by 
many parts of a similar form, are gradually divided 
up among a greater and greater number of unlike 




82 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN, 




THE NERVOUS STRUCTURE OF MAN. 



CRiNOIt) AND MAN* 83 

partvS, each of these assuming some special portion of 
the work. 

For example, take one of the polyps, a crinoid, as 
figured in the foregoing engraving. Here the entire 
function of digestion is performed by a simple sac 
or stomach. And this sac constitutes nearly the 
whole body. As we pass upward in the scale of life 
we find that in other animals there have been added 
to this primary sac various other organs, each doing a 
special part in the work of digestion. Thus in one 
case w^e have a liver added to separate bile ; in another 
there is a pancreas to help digest the fat in the food, 
with intestinal or salivary glands to digest its 
starchy portions, and teeth to masticate. Of course, 
where all of these exist, the whole process of digestion 
and nutrition is carried on much more perfectly. 
Compare the figure of Human Nutrition with that 
of the crinoid and ameba. 

We must note that this division of labor, this 
greater complexity is not effected chiefly or simply 
by increasing the number of organs or parts. But 
it is accomplished by changing their form and ar- 
rangement. For example, one of the crinoids, the 
Briarean Pentacrinite, had thousands of muscles. 
But these muscles were all alike in shape. Each 
was a short, nearly straight slip of fiber. The only 
motions that they permitted were those of reaching 
out its tentacles, grasping its food, drawing this into 
its mouth and bending its body backward or for- 
ward in locomotion. 

In contrast to the crinoid we find in man the 
small number Of 232 muscles, duplicated on the right 
and left sides. Besides these we may count six 



84 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



sphincter muscles, around the orifices. These mus- 
cles in man vary greatly in size, shape, construction 
and arrangement. This enables man to perform an 
exceedingly great variety of movements. 

In harmony with this law we shall find in the 
true social organism a less number of officers than 
in the Christian and other civilizations. And the 
necessary parts in the new social order are united in 
one connected system. We have no right to separate 
things which nature has united. Many diverse fal- 
ulties are united in the human brain. Religion 
and appetite, philanthropy and destruction, 
reason and impulse, 
pride and modesty, 
and all the widely 
contrasted brain or- 
gans send fibers down 
to the common cen- 
ters of action and 
unity, the motus and 
the sensus. They are 
all linked into chords 
of responsive move- 
ment by delicate and 
mathematical laws. Each has its fixed locahty and 
its harmonious relations to the rest. They cannot 
get away from each other if they would. For nature 
has enwalled them in one room with the triple bony 
plates of the cranium. 

When these interior faculties have an outward 
expression in the departments and officers of the 
.social organism, we can relate all parts of this organism 




LEGISLATIVE DOUBLES. 85 

to each other by the same laws of harmony that 
united the inner world of equally complex mental 
powers. The faculties do not have new laws added 
to them so that they may act in the functions of 
society. They come forth panoplied with all the 
powers of state. 

Our bodies, like our brains, are perfect systems 
of government, where each member does its work 
free from undue interference, but yet regulated by 
the work of every other organ, and ever obedient to 
its centers and the movement of the whole. Such 
a systemized whole should the people of a nation 
present. An organization that will meet all the 
wants of the people, and secure to each an opportunity 
to act according to the best of his ability. 

Although civilism has represented the lower half of 
the faculties, yet it does not do even this in a complete 
and consistent way. For example, in Britain and 
the United States, the three departments of the gov- 
ernment are legislative, executive and judicial. But 
if we divide the classes of wants in society into only 
three parts, these will be intellectual, social and in- 
dustrial, for they arise directly from three great 
classes of faculties in man, the intellect, affection 
and volition. In the new plans, each of these three 
includes four of the departments. 

In 1776 the founders of the American Republic 
thought that there should certainly be a law-making 
power (legislative), a power to see that the laws were 
carried into effect (executive), and a power to see 
that those who transgressed the laws should be 
judged and punished (judicial). All this seemed 
very reasonable to them. They had inherited such 



86 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

a division of civil functions from England. It had 
developed slowly from the old Anglo-Saxon and the 
Roman times. 

These men, these founders, talked many times of 
''the laws of nature." The best that they hoped was 
to found a system of government so framed that none 
of its provisions should run counter to what was in 
the nature of man. The constitution of man was so 
little understood in their day, that they could not 
imagine that it includes laws quite sufficient for civil 
forms and civil action. 

When the Normans came to England in 1066, they 
could not crowd out of existence the old vSaxon 
Council of the nation, the Wittengemot. The Nor- 
man duke made his followers into noblemen and a 
House of Lords was added to the old council. Then 
it became a Parliament, a place for talking, in which 
the House of Commons represented the old Saxon 
people. A double legislative body came about as a 
result of the two races of people. But in the new 
republic there was no division into different races; 
the Saxon, Norman and Celtic elements were every- 
where mingled and not separate. Hence there was 
no good reason why the Congress should have two 
houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. 
It was equally unwise and unnecessary to make the 
legislative body of each state double in the same way 
as the Congress. In regard to the latter it was said 
that the lower house represented the people, while 
the Senate represented the states as such. This was 
never true in practice nor even in theory. For the 
Senate voted upon all measures that affected the 
people, including quite local measures, such as river 



"rules of order." 87 

and harbor improvements. It was useless and 
expensive machinery, in both the national and the 
state governments. 

The six hundred "first gentlemen of Europe" who 
make up the British Parliament, constitute an un- 
wieldy body, uncertain and heavy in its movements. 
And so of the American Congress. It has too man}^ 
members. When a Congress meets at the opening 
of a session it is a mob. One member, the vice- 
president, has some known duties. The other mem- 
bers are without any special functions, an}^ allotted 
dut ies. They must proceed, in the low^er house, to 
puta head on themselves. They must elect a speaker 
or chairman. Then they choose fifty-seven com- 
mittees, above and below, and give each of these its 
work to do. Then, after a week, or even two or three 
weeks of delay, they are ready for business. 

In place of such cumbrous and indefinite machinery, 
the scientific method would have twelve departments 
and thirty-six subdivisions of these, with an officer at 
the head of each one. When these leaders are to be 
elected, each candidate knows definitely what duties 
he is to fill, and the people may judge of his qualifi- 
cations for those special functions. All is certainty, 
order and economy. 

The new method would imimensely reduce the ex- 
penses of the national and state governments. Yet 
it covers twice as much ground; represents twice as 
many functions. 

The normal method of action in the brain is 
for each organ to start the impulse intended to sup- 
ply the needs which belong to its proper functions. 

For example, the organ of reason may require 



88 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




facts from which to work out the solution of some 
question. But facts are sup- 
pHed by memory, and reason 
would need to send an impulse 
to memory and procure them. 
A part of this impulse would 
pass through the motus or front 
center, and the other part di- 
rectly to memory through the 
cells. The returning response 
might take both channels. 

'' Seconding the motion. " 
In cases where the demand is second degree. 
urgent or strong, the impulse is supported by polar 
organs of the second degree. As shown in the 
engraving, we perceive and remember about a 
thing, as at A. Then we think or reason about 
it, as at SR. The response to this is to carry out the 
thought by acting, as at St. But action requires 
materials to work with, from the group of wealth, at 
W. A geometric law in the brain enables these facul- 
ties to respond and support each other in this definite 
way. 

In public assemblies, to "second a motion*' should 
be to carry out this law. A motion made in any given 
department naturally requires the support of a balanc- 
ing or polar department, and the seconding of the 
motion should come from the latter. 

As every part, and consequent!}^ every kind of 
wants, is represented by an officer or a subgroup, we 
do away witli the necessity for endless committees, 
and motions to refer things to them. This definite 
classification of duties and functions greatly simplifies 



HEREDITY. 



8§ 



and lessens the work of legislation. This certainly is 
an important thing where the expenses of civil gov- 
ernment have mounted up to the hundreds of millions 
in mone\\ 

Heredity in evolution. An organic being re- 
sembles its parents with such variations as are in- 
duced by the temporary activity of special organs or 
functions in them during its prenatal existence, and 
also such as are caused by the external influences 
which bear upon it after birth. 

Impressions made upon the mind and body of the 
mother during the prenatal phase may be trans- 
mitted, in a greater or less degree, to those of the 
child. If the parents exercise their higher faculties 
during this period, the child will be superior in mental 
endowments. If they exercise the lower faculties 
chiefly, it will be inferior. The laws of heredity 
place wnthin our control a powerful instrument for 
human exaltation. It is for the vital interests of 
society that all parents should have the favorable 
conditions which these laws demand. Both parents 
and society are responsible for the organization of 
every child. ThcA^- can make it good or bad as they 
choose. . Private effort alone can never secure and 
maintain these good conditions of heredity. 

The central truths of evolution are those which 
belong to this subject of heredity. It is in the forms 
of living beings and not in those of mineral bodies 
that the great processes of growth and the steps of 
increasing complexity are displayed in the most 
striking manner. Evolution in not more important 
when it seeks to unravel the past than it is when it 
forecasts the future conditions and life of man. 



90 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

All parts of the body and brain are so connected by- 
nerves with the sex-system that the latter is able to 
focalize the forces from all the rest. Were this not so, 
their offspring would not have all the parts possessed 
by the parent. And if acquired characters were not 
transmitted, there could be no process of evolution 
through successive generations. 



SUMMARY OF EVOLUTION. 91 



SUMMARY OF EVOLUTION. 

I St. Evolution proceeds from simplicity to complexity in 
both the structure and function of the parts involved. In 
any case, the simplicity may have been the result of a devo- 
lution or passage from a previous state of complexity. There 
is a descending as well as an ascending phase of evolution. 

2d. The advancement in complexity is effected by the 
specialization or division of labor among a greater num- 
ber o parts or members, which become varied in structure 
or character for the new functions. And the functions 
are thus carried on more perfectly than before. The acting 
forces are both within the object evolved and in the external 
conditions, with mutual reactions. 

3d. The specialization involves the increase of mutual 
dependence between the parts, so that finally the perfect 
action or life of each part is made possible only by that of 
the rest. The individuality of each part is thus closely 
related to the degree of mutual dependence. 

4th. In geologic ages and in human history, the evolution 
of the brain and nervous system has advanced from the rule 
of parts at the base and back to the rule of parts at the top 
and front. 

5th. The evolution of personal, national and race-life in- 
cludes the successive phases of infancy, childhood, youth, 
maturity and senility ; the advancement being from the base 
to the top of the brain, from the sensuous and animal fac- 
ulties to the higher intellectual and spiritual regions. 

6th. As the nations of Europe and America, of China, 
India and Japan have now entered upon the great phase of 
maturity, they will apply the methods of science, instead of 
mere experience, to all the problems in the intellectual, 
social and industrial life and structures of society. 

7th. The institutions must be in harmony with the nature 
and wants of man. But the collective wants of man in so- 
ciety arise from each of the twelve groups of mental facul- 
ties, and these must therefore be represented by as many 
departments and officers in the social organism. 



Architecture and Homes 



Chapter fourth. 



ARCHITECTURE AND HOMES. 




Art is that 
higher unfold- 
ing of nature 
which takes 
place through 
man. The 
stately temple 
or the power- 
ful engine are 
as truly prod- 
ucts of nature 
as the tree of the forest. The laws of art have their 
basis and their explanation in the laws of the mind. 
"Architecture is a material expression of the wants, 
the faculties and the sentiments of the age in which 
it is created." In these words Owen Jones expresses 
a fact which architects very well know. And from 
this truth w^e also know that a new social order and 
civilization requires a new style of architecture to be 
in harmony with its methods of life. 

The three primary wants of man are food, clothing 
and shelter. The cave-men and the primitive dwell- 
ers in tents solved the problem of shelter in a rude 
way. The dwellings of worked stone and wood in the 
more advanced stages of society still retained features 

95 



96 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



that belonged both to the cave and the tent. Rude 
nature gave the early man many examples of stone 
blocks partly squared. To combine and improve 
these was to have a stone house or a temple. And 
the top of this long remained a flat roof, like the primi- 
tive rocks. The sloping top of the tent, a skin thrown 
over a pole or stake, taught men to make the slanting 
roof as a better rain-shelter. The Mongolians of our 
day are still fond of the curved roof that shows the 
sagging tent-top of its 
ancient model. 

The arch was more diffi- 
cult to construct and came 
much later. And later still 
was developed the rounded 
dome, a crown to the edifice. 

There was an early devel- 
opment of the column in 
architecture, for these were 
copied almost direct from 
nature. In columns and 
capitals, in the Doric, Ionic, 
Corinthian and Egyptian 

orders, the ancients reached the perfection of sym- 
metry and beauty. 

The ancient temple was but a house for the gods. 
And its ground-plan was essentially the same as in the 
houses for men. This plan has been made out in the 
ruins of ancient buried cities. When the Christian 
church was developed it took a fundamentally differ- 
ent plan from the dwelling house. 

The architect in building deals with three things — 
the form, color and arrangement of the parts. He has 




ARCHITECTURE AND HOMES. 



97 



these three to deal with, no matter whether his ma- 
terials of construction be wood, brick or stone. How 
shall these be combined to secure beauty, utility and 
economy in the worthy mansions of the new social 
order ? 

The brain itself, as well as the body, is governed 
by geometric laws of form. The brain is an ellipse 
having a major and a minor axis, with two focal 
points of action. Thus it has definite lines and curves 
for muscular movements, for brain currents, for 
thoughts and for feelings. Let us make our mansion 
or temple upon the same basic plan. Then it will 
be in harmony with the vital laws of man's nature. 

The great rooms of the mansion or temple are 
placed on the major and minor axis. There is a 

bi - lateral 
symmetry 
here, the 
same as in 
the brain 
and body. 
The size 
may vary 
from 1 60 
feet in 
length to 
672 feet, 
with the 

same arrangement and proportion in the rooms. 
But in the larger size, what is figured here as a 
single small room would be divided into two, three 
PT four. 

The central court is an ellipse, reaching from the 







98 HISTORIC GkOWTH OF MAN. 

first floor up to the dome. The court is surrounded^ 
in the large temples, with twenty-six columns. In 
the walls of the court on the first fioor are six large 
panels with paintings showing the characteristic 
scenery, animals and plants, of Asia, Europe, Africa, 
Polynesia, North America and South America. By 
being central, the court is equally accessible from the 
rooms in all directions. 

The largest entrance is at the south side, the Golden 
Portal. The front arch of this portal, with seven 
stones, represents the seven groups of science, culture, 
marriage, religion, familism, ambition and industry. 
These form an arch in each human brain. The key- 
stone of the arch is religion. The twelve departments 
are in the pavement of the portal. As you pass in 
from the portal on either side are the great stairways. 
At the court corners of the large rooms are four eleva- 
tors for passengers. 

The two focal points of the whole building are the 
throne in the parlor or reception room and the ros- 
trum in the class or lecture room. The throne and 
rostrum correspond to the sensus and motus in the 
brain. The plan of the rostrum for the capitol build- 
ings is given on page 76. It has twenty-four seats 
around it for the leaders. 

The appeton, or dining room, is central on the north 
side, with doors from the court, the class room, the 
parlor and two outside doors on the north. At the 
center of the dining room is the oval table for the 
two central officers and their assistants. Around 
the outer part of the room are placed twelve other 
tables, for the twelve groups of members. Above 
the dining room, in the second story, is. the large 



OUR MANSIONS. 



99 




play-room for the 
children, fitted 
up with numer- 
ous a p p 1 iances 
and devices for 
their amusement, 
work-plays and 
instruction. Some 
of the children's 
bed rooms are in 
this stor}^ and some in the first. The children also 
have a large festive hall for dances, plays and festivals, 
in the department of familism. 

It will be seen from the engraved plan that in the 
corner spaces are grouped the lesser rooms for officers 
and members. These form three stories. There 
may be as many as one hundred and forty-four of 
these in the larger buildings. 

A front elevation of the great temple is given at 
the commencement of this chapter. From this view 
it will be. seen that the parlor and class room are 
partly covered by a second story. This includes 
both large and small rooms. 

A front view of a smaller building, 160x124 feet, 
is shown on the next page. This has thirt3^-six of 
the private rooms. Its parlor and class room will 
each of them seat 340 persons. 

It must not be supposed that all the houses in a 
city will look alike. A very great variety may be 
made with the same fundamental plan. As in human 
beings, all are made on the same basic plan, but 
what an exceedingly great diversity in human shapes 
and faces ! 
LofC. 



100 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



The best material for building need not be discussed 
here. It may vary in different ages, with the prog- 
ress of invention. For the walls, brick stands first 
in a sanitary point of view and also in durability. 
Next comes marble, and then wood. Brick is more 
porous than marble or granite, and therefore drier 
and better. Brick also admits of many tints of per- 
manent color. 

The perfect ventilation of rooms is a neces- 
sary part of their sanitation. It can never be 




gMjffti'gii'feMf' 



i 








J^^-_— J}c'i/<//?frf Ay iivarfha. JSfio and /«s;.^t 



accomplished through the windows. The air sliould 
be admitted through many apertures near the floor 
of the room, so as to be evenly distributed and not in 
large isolated currents. In the Social Palace at 
Guise, the air was brought to the buildings in long 
underground galleries. This warmed the air to sixty 
degrees in winter, and cooled it down to that point 
in summer. The experiment proved that this was 
not an expensive mode for warming and cooling the 
apartments. 

The plaHvS for workshops and factories resemble 



HARMONIC HOMES. 101 

those for dwellings, except that each corner space 
may have only one room, instead of a series. 

The plans thus far sketched do not belong to the 
isolated hom.e, for families of five or more. They are 
suited to the combined or harmonic household, with 
many members. We shall presently show that such 
a family and such a home can secure greater privacy 
and seclusion, with less interruption and interference 
than ever belonged to the isolated homes of civilism. 
Aside from this, the changed industrial condition of 
v;oman, already begun, will render such combined 
homes a necessity. And these homes v/ill have none 
of the disagreeable features w^hich have belonged to 
hotel and boarding house life. 

The front aspect of the temple at the opening of 
this chapter shows the great dome at the center and 
supported on either side by clusters of spires. This 
central position of the highest point expresses the 
fact and gives the appearance of stability and unity. 
For stability and unity are central ideas in the very 
conception of a building to be occupied by living 
beings. The mansion ,» the factory and even the 
stable are gathering points for those who occupy 
them. How can they gather if it is not stable in 
position? And how can they be securely protected 
if it is not stable in structure? A dome, or the chief 
spire near one end, or far away from the center, 
means both physical and spiritual instability and lack 
of security. This form did well enough for churches 
in an age when men thought that the best destiny 
for man was to sojourn on this earth and get away 
to another world as soon as the sands of life could 
run out. 



102 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

Among recent designs for large buildings, the 
United States Government Building, the Temple of 
Music, and the Hall of Liberal Arts, at the Buffalo 
Exposition, are excellent examples of symmetry and 
unity of form. 

In the harmonic architecture of the future there 
will be ample scope for genius to display its inventive 
power. We have only given two drawings of build- 
ings, because our limited space in this book scarcely 
allows for more than a brief statement of some basic 
principles. 

The greatest changes required for the new order 
are in the basic plans, in the grouping of the rooms 
and in unity of arrangement. Excepting, of course, 
the wide difference from the present in the future 
color schemes. 

The best part of architecture in the past has been 
in the many beautiful forms of columns, capitals, en- 
tablatures and moldings. A modified form of the 
Corinthian capital, with a stronger core, has more 
strength with not less beauty than the original form 
in Grecian temples. In the new order, Egyptian cap- 
itals are extensively used. 

Home work. The division of human labor into 
classes or separate trades and pursuits has lifted man 
from barbarism to civilization. But this division of 
labor affected the male sex chiefly. From the most 
primitive times woman remained little more than a 
housekeeper. Her advance depended upon the in- 
cidental influence of her connection with man. 

In the growth of human industries, in the multipli- 
cation of trades and professions, man has taken by far 
the more prominent part, He has reached out in a 



MAN AND WOMAN. 103 

hundred directions while woman remained only mis- 
tress of the home. Man's greater muscular power was 
one cause that led to this uneven development. But 
woman has quite as many dominant faculties as man. 
Her brain is divided into just as many parts. The 
great laws of evolution then come in and tell us that 
sooner or later she must reach out in as many direc- 
tions; she must seek and find as great a variety of 
employm_ents. Nothing in life can be more certain 
than this law. Neither prejudice nor education can 
turn the law aside. The issue will leave woman quite 
as distinctly different from man as she is now. And 
in the new social order the home will have lost none of 
its sweet attractiveness. We shall see how this re- 
sult is brought about by the method of grouping the 
members and by the employments allotted as proper 
to woman. 

The sexes in dual spheres. Man and woman 
are mental and ph3^sical comiple- 
ments of each other. Each sex is 
more developed in some directions 
than the other, but neither can 
claim superiority as a whole. 
They possess equal quantities of 
power, but it differs in kind. 

The physical differences of sex ^ 
miust produce and sustain mental 
differences, because the brain and body are definitely 
related in action and sympathy. So long as woman 
fills the offices of maternity, so long must her nutri- 
tive organs predominate over the nervous and mus- 
cular. But these nutritive organs in the body are 
in direct and responsive sympathy with the affections 




104 MAN AND WOMAN. 

and emotions in the brain. Hence woman is more 
ruled by these and less by ideas and material 
influences. 

In woman the whole physical system is more elastic, 
receptive and sensitive than in man. And man is 
more vigorous, hardy, positive, muscular, bold, cool 
and scientific. Woman offsets this by being more 
yielding, gentle, loving, ardent and intuitive. 

Woman can reason as critically and acutely as man. 
But her first impulse is to look at a truth or a proposi- 
tion through her intuition, that broad intellectual 
glance that sees outlines, colors and proportions 
without the details. 

The mental faculties are all arranged in pairs. One 
in each pair is positive or masculine, the other is 
receptive or feminine. This gives us the pairs — form 
and color, number and language, memory and atten- 
tion, reason and inspiration, invention and truth, 
amity and manners, faith and love, hope and luxury, 
devotion and fidelity, parenity and reverence, 
patriotism and aurosense, appetite and feeling, 
dignity and laudation, integrity and industry, 
liberty and stability, defense and economy, destruc- 
tion and caution, aversion and locomotion. 

An immense mass of careful observations and exact 
measurements were used by the author in discovering 
this pairing of the faculties. These observations 
were extended to all the races of men and to all the 
ages and stages of history. Do these present differ- 
ences of the two sexes represent something wliich is 
permanent, or something which was incidental, and 
due only to unfavorable differences of opportunity 
and development? Science answers that they are 



SOCIAL GROUPING. 105 

permanent and are part of a divine and harmonious 
arrangement. These natural differences of the two 
sexes adapt them to different spheres of intellectual, 
social and industrial activity. Their spheres, like 
their characters, are complements. 

The offices and labors of societ}^ are all dual, as 
given in the model of societ}^. Each has its mascu- 
line and its feminine side. Thus the department and 
labors of illustration are feminine complements to 
those of building; so is that of inspiration to that of 
law, and that of exchanges to that of machinery. 

The offices and employments of harmonic society 
are assigned to the two sexes on the basis of this 
difference. The first officer in each pair is a man and 
the second is a woman. The twelve assistant officers 
may be arranged in pairs, masculine and feminine, as 
follows: Furnisher and musician, artisan and drama- 
tist, courier and waiter, server and sanatist, ensign 
and watchman, tillman and keeper. The marshaless 
works with the marshal, and is regarded as of equal 
rank, although the office is not elective or placed in 
the table. 

The sexes are thus everywhere equal in rank; they 
go together in all the departments, and to each is 
assigned duties and employments in harmony with 
its natural adaptions. While woman thus takes an 
equal part in the government and conduct of society, 
she does not become less womanly, nor does man 
become less manly in development and character. 
Not more than one-twelfth of the women would be 
engaged in cooking and housekeeping; and these 
would make their work attractive by becoming 
artists in all of its details. 



106 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

Social grouping. Every person has a natural 
right to associate with others who are attractive and 
congenial. This right must be gratified by arranging 
the members of each society into twelve departments, 
according to their characters, tastes and capacities. 

Members in whose characters the reliective faculties 
predominate would unite to form the department 
of science; those who have the faculties of religion 
as leading elements of their characters would form 
the department of religion; and those in whom the 
ambitious faculties were strongest would form the 
department of rulership. 

This process is followed in forming each one of 
the twelve departments and the various sub-groups 
which each of these may require. Each member 
will then be associated with others of similar ideas, 
tastes and capacities. A person who is fully and 
evenly developed in all his traits may pass and repass 
through all the groups in succession. They form 
exceedingly useful links of connection between the 
groups. Such persons would also be qualified to 
become central officers. 

In order to join any group, a member must be 
accepted by all of its members, by vote or other- 
wise. If dissatisfied with any group or society a 
member may, without censure, leave it for another. 

We may learn the character of any person by read- 
ing the indices of the face or hand; by the develop- 
ment of the brain; by psychometry, or by actual 
acquaintance with the facts of their lives. The pastor, 
the minister, and the scientist must understand all 
these methods of reading character. 

In the schools, at the age of fifteen years, t\w 



FORM, COLOR AND ORDER. 107 

character, tastes and talents of each pupil have been 
well studied by the teachers, and the youth, whether 
boy or girl, is ready to choose a profession or work for 
life. When the choice is made, then there are five 
years of special training and study in all that belongs 
to the selected employment. When the youth is 
twenty, then the leaders of the religious department, 
the pastor and minister, must see to it that there is 
a place open for that youth in the settled work of the 
society, in its regular employments. And the youth 
can choose what group of workers he will enter, so 
that they shall be personally agreeable. This choice 
includes his own selection of food, of dress, of rooms 
and of location in the city. There never was in past 
times an}^ such extended freedom as that in civilized 
countries. 

It would be just as wise to leave every boy to get 
knowledge, and education, as best he could, without 
any system of schools to attend; that would be just 
as wise as it is to leave him to get, as best he may, 
some place in the emplo3^ments of society. Industry 
is always applied knowledge, and it requires organ- 
ization, system and certainty, quite as much as that 
which men have already recognized as needful in 
their systems of education. Chance work is no better 
in applying than in getting knowledge. But this 
discussion belongs more properly in our sixth chapter 
upon organized industry and collective ownership. 

The ROOMS are in groups that correspond in 
position, in furnishing and in color to the social 
groups of members who occupy them. No two rooms 
of the temple or mansion are alike in these respects. 
Draper, Moser, Denton and other scientists h^ye 



108 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAI^; 

shown by many experiments that every object radi- 
ates forces which impress an image of itself upon sur- 
rounding objects. ''If we lay a key upon a smooth 
metal plate for a short time, and then remove it, 
the image of the key may be evoked by heating the 
plate. And this may be done years after the contact/' 
Whether conscious or not, the objects of the universe 
are thus continually recording their history in these 
marvelous pictures. A room becomes atmosphered 
and vitalized by the character of its occupants. The 
grouping of members, in the mansion, their daily life 
and emplo3^ments, at length results in establishing 
definite currents of vital force from room to room 
around the mansion. It becomes, to an extent, like 
a living organism. 

The laws of form, color and serial harmony become 
important elements in making a perfect dwelling. 
These laws must have a short consideration here. 

Beauty of the form. The curves of the head, 
face and body seldom terminate abruptly, but 
gracefully blend with each other, like the organs at 
the surface of the brain. The number and perfect 
arrangement of these curves gives to the human 
form its wonderful beauty, so far surpassing that of 
all other physical objects that we cannot conceive of 
anything more beautiful. And our highest inspira- 
tions attribute the same form to beings in realms of 
existence more exalted than our own. 

The Elhpse is the great curve upon which the brain 
is constructed. Each kind of a curve derives its 
properties from the fact that it has been produced by 
certain forces, acting with definite ratios and direc- 
tions. A curve is an embodiment of forces. 



!| 




THE MEASURE OF MAN. 109 

The organs and signs of sex-love in the brain, the 
face and the body, form eUiptical curves; the parental, 
filial and some of the intellectual, form parabolic; 
the ambitious organs form hyperbolic, and the relig- 
ious and reasoning faculties form epicycloidal curves. 
It follows that these curves have spiritual or mental 
qualities and influences. Their normal use in archi- 
tecture can be readil}^ understood. 

The most beautiful face and 
figure is one in which all of the 
faculties are the most fully and 
evenly developed. If any organs 
or signs of a curve are deficient in 
size, this will destroy the regularity 
and consequently the beauty of 
the curve. The most beautiful liv- 
ing object is the one having the fullest and freest 
manifestation of life. For "Life is a principle of 
responsive unity," and the more complete the rela- 
tion and harmony of its parts, the more perfect is the 
manifestation of life, in any living being. 

Living creatures appear ugly and deformed when 
the free play of life seems obstructed in them. The 
hne of beauty is that which presents the least ob- 
struction to free movement, like the double parabola 
of the geometrician. A line that is crooked instead 
of curved, must have been produced by disturbed or 
interrupted forces. More force must be expended 
in turning at an abrupt angle than in passing around 
a gentle curve. 

The human head, drawn in profile with an outlay 
of straight lines and angles, will give us a scale 
of twelve, The opening of the ear lies against 



no 



HISTORIC GROWTH O^ MAN. 



the centron, the pivot of action between the brain and 
the body. From this point we see that a Hne drawn 
to the base of the nose and another to the top of the 
nose will include an angle of thirty degrees, or one- 
twelfth of a circle. 



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The mouth and 
chin form the same 
angle and so does 

It r" ,[|^l^|^-£^^^-^MC^ I ^^^^ forehead. The 
/i ^^ yj^ groups of culture, 

religion and ruler- 
ship each form a 
twelfth at the top 
of the head. In- 
dustry, wealth and 
commerce each 
form an angle at 
the back. There is no other scale 
that w411 measure the parts of the 
head from the great center. 

Twelve squares drawn in each direc- 
tion will accurately divide off the 
proportions of the various parts of 
the human form. This scale applies 
to both the external and the internal parts. Thus 
the ]:>rain is a twelfth, the heart and lungs form 
another twelfth, and the pelvic organs another. The 
extended arms reach as far as the person is tall; "the 
he ght, length and breadth are equal, " as was said of 
the New Jerusalem when speaking of this "Measure 
of a Man." This scale applies to every well-propor- 
tioned adult person, as well as to the great works of 
ancient and modern statuary. It was discovered 



R^ 



Tfig ^ca^e (vPTWftWft.. 



SOCIAL CHORDS. Ill 

by William Page, a distinguished artist. The scale 
for the head was discovered by the author. 

The number 'twelve is therefore the basis of con- 
struction in both the body and the brain. These 
squares form a series of trinities. The face includes 
three angles, there are three above, three behind and 
three below. The forearm has three squares; the 
rest of the arm has three, ending in the pectoris 
muscle at the breast-bone. The lower leg has a 
trinit}^ and the upper leg another. 

The law of the trinity is a universal law, express- 
ing, as it does,Vhat are basic properties of both matter 
and spirit. A trinity may have a pivot and two 
wings. . In every mathematical problem or example 
two things are given to find a third. Three dimen- 
sions, length, breadth and thickness, include all 
others. 

The harmionies of music are based upon purely 
mathematical relations. The sweet blending of 
voices in song and the noble symphony of instrii- 
ments, are each under the strict physical laws of 
science. For in science we shall find graceful beauty 
and gentle sweetness no less than in the works of art. 

The laws of music are exemplified in mental action, 
and these same laws of mental rhythm must govern 
the form, proportion and arrangement of parts in 
architecture. In general, any mental organ may 
exchange and cooperate with the third, the fifth or 
the eighth one, either directly above or below, or in 
front of itself. • This responsive action corresponds 
to the chords in music. And music seems attractive 
and harmonious to us because its chords are like those 
which belong in our mental and physical structure. 



112 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



A train of thought or 
feehng may be carried on 
awhile by one faculty, and 
then its third, fifth or 
eighth complement will 
assume the train of thought 
and carry it on forward, 
while the first rests or is 
engaged with other objects ; 
or, what is more usual, 
it may take on the proper 
functions of the first, thus 
effecting a direct exchange. 
There are also frequent 
exchanges between the 
two organs which belong 
to the same pair. In the 
true social order, the mem- 
bers of a band make tem- 
porary exchanges of em- 
ployment or position with 
those who are their thirds, 
fifths or octaves. For ex- 
ample, those in the groups 
of food culture may ex- 
change with those who are 
in the group of luxuries; 
those in tlie groups of wealth may exchange with 
those in rulership. The different branches of labor 
are therefore related to each other by fixed and 
eternal laws of harmony. 

The lines of movement and centers of action for 
the muscles are all arranged in harmony with these 




^^Wv^vi*?.^ 



COLOR-HARMONIES. 



113 




scales of number and 
proportion. In this 
back view of the human 
axis, the center for the 
upper Hmbs is marked 
at Mo, and that for the 
lower limbs at Ke. 
Between these, and back 
of the stomach, is the 
node of vibration at 5. 
In the side view of polar 
lines we see that the 
principal lines of move- 
ment cross each other at 
the stomach or solar 
plexus, sto. 

In the harmonic order 
of architecture the rooms are grouped in trinities, 
and are therefore adapted to the trinities in the social 
grouping of members. A member may find his true 
place with certainty. There is no more good sense or 
good economy in letting each member grope about 
blindly to find by accident his work and place in 
the social scale of harmony, than there would be to 
let each member of a music choir or band guess as 
he went along what notes would fit in and chord 
with the other members, and so have no written 
music with scales and tunes. No one now would 
commit this folly in our civilization. 

The color-harmonies which belong to architec- 
ture and costume must have a brief notice here. 
Every color is a definite kind of force. In chemi- 
cal changes, in the growth of plants and animals, 



114 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

and in mental and spiritual influence on man, 
in all these the effect of each color has been studied 
by able scientific men. In addition to this the his- 
tory of art gives us the use, the meanings, of sacred 
and symbolic colors in religious and social life. Science 
agrees with art and with inspiration in regard to the 
meaning of colors We see these meanings in the 
royal purple of rulership, in the yellow flames of 
religious fires, and in the green robes of regeneration 
and hope. In the arts of painting the yellow^ colors 
are classed as warm and soft, the reds are hot and 
positive, while the blues and grays are cool and sober. 
In the radiant nerve-spheres as seen by sensitive 
subjects the various colors agree with those deduced 
in the other fields of science and art. Organic life 
itself is dependent upon the sunlight. The orange, 
yellow and green rays carry on the work of plant or- 
ganization. If these colors were absent from the 
sunlight, then all plants would die. That would be 
followed by the death of all animals, for they would 
have no food. The subject of colors is therefore of 
vital importance. 

The colors, both symbolic and practical, which 
belong to the twelve departments, are as follows, 
giving only one color for each : For the departments 
of arts, pearl gray or opalescent; for letters, sapphire 
blue; for science, azure or turquoise; for culture, 
emerald green; for marriage, orange; for religion, 
lemon yellow or cream; for familism, old gold or 
amber; for the home department, salmon; for ruler- 
vShip, crimson and purple; for industry, scarlet; for 
wealth, garnet red; and for commerce, maroon or 
Indian red. 



BEAUTY IN COLORS. 115 

Of course each color given here belongs to a group 
of tints. The members in each department have 
their proper color for costum.es, but the different 
members of a group would not all wear the same 
shades of that color. If there were twelve members 
in the group of rulership, they would have twelve 
different shades of crimsons and purples. The light- 
est shades in this group are the pinks, lilacs and 
heliotropes. 

White and brown are the feminine and masculine 
colors of unity. There is a special shade of brown 
for each of the twelve departments. Thus a reddish 
or seal-brown belongs to culture, and a greenish or 
olive brown to rulership. 

Each type of character has its own proper shade 
of color, and this shade is "becoming" to that person 
and also is in harmony with his or her natural taste. 
In a large audience the twelve groups would display an 
attractive and charming series of colors. And in the 
social dances and marches, where the groups are 
arranged in the form of flowers and stars, all the 
movements bring together a wonderful and changing 
display of harmonic colors with a multitude of grada- 
tions. 

Every color, let us repeat, has a definite and direct 
effect of its own upon our physical health as well as 
upon our mental or spiritual sense of beauty. The 
colors of rooms and costume are therefore a necessary 
part in a complete system of sanitation. 

In the mansions and temples each room has its 
proper color, adapted to the character and work of 
its occupant. In borders and trimmings a large use 
is made of complementary colors. In dresses, each 



116 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

person would have one dress that directly expressed 
the character, and three other dresses that would be 
complementary colors of the first and second degrees 
and of brown or gray. White is in harmony with all 
other colors. Black should be very little worn. The 
drabs and grays are suitable for many forms of labor. 

In the external colors of mansions the exten- 
sive series of modified or tertiary colors are chiefly 
used. And neighboring buildings have comple- 
mentary and serial colors. A city should be both 
beautiful and good. The houses, shops and factories 
are not massed and crowded in extensive blocks, like 
the suffocating cities of Christendom. But each one 
is surrounded by cultivated grounds, gardens, trees 
and shrubbery. The factories are within a few^ min- 
utes' walk of the mansions where their workers reside. 
There is no need of ''suburban homes" in order to 
have fresh air and decent surroundings. For in the 
true social order, every department of the city is a fit 
place of residence. 

Nor does all this involve any needless expense of 
time and means. It is calculated by good businass 
men that the bad plans and bad methods of civilized 
cities, at the time of this writing, cause a waste of one- 
half or three-fourths of all the labor in society. In 
the new order, four hours' labor a day will secure 
more than twelve hours did in the old order. There 
is wealth enough in Great Britain or in the United 
States, or in France, so that in the new order every 
family might live in a mansion of ample size and 
elegant appointments. 

In civilized society you cannot choose your neigh- 
bors. You must associate or come in contact^ rnore or 



StREETS OP THE ClTV. 117 

less, with those you do not Uke. But we avoid all 
that in Harmonism by our methods of grouping, by 
the arrangement of groups in a mansion and of de- 
partments in the city. 

The principal ^streets are marked in the city 
by barred Knes. Twelve of these streets divide the 
departments, and twelve run through the middle 
of each one. Sixteen of the twenty- four streets run 
directly to the central ellipse, or square, so that the 
central buildings are equally accessible from all of 
the departments. 

On the next page we have given an engraving of a 
single department to show the arrangement of its 
mansions, shops and store-houses; forty-eight of 
these are represented here. Of course the numbers 
would vary with the size of the city. 

A LIMIT for the size of any city is just as proper 
and wise as it is for nature to set limits for the nor- 
mal size of human beings. If men grew up all sorts of 
sizes, from six inches high to sixty feet, it would be 
extremely difficult to adjust houses and tools and 
other things to such a lot of variants. A city, like 
a man, may be unwieldy in size and thus lack 
unity of thought and efficiency of action. Two 
hundred and sixty thousand people are, perhaps, 
enough for the largest city, the metropolis of a nation. 

A choice in the room, the home, and the associates 
is the natural right of every grown person, and, more 
than that, the home should be inalienable, so that no 
person could be deprived of his home, unless that 
person had committed a crime and become dangerous 
to society so that it was necessary to remove him to 
a place of security. 



118 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



It may sometimes occur that a person may wish to 
rehnquish a home and seek another. Certainly he 
should have a right to do this when it is voluntary. 
In the composite or harmonic home, the "home feel- 
ing" is quite as possible and quite as essential as it 
ever was in the isolated or single households of the 
past. 

The farmer's mansion and buildings would be 
grouped together at the center of the farm, con- 
taining from 640 to 2,560 acres; the size depending 
upon the kind of products to be raised. . The number 
of persons required on a given farm would also de- 
pend upon the kind of products, some of these requir- 
ing very much more labor than others. 

In the ordinary farm mansion the one hundred and 
forty-four members would find among themselves 
enough variety of character and talent to prevent any 
of that sense of isolation and absence of chances for 
culture and amusements, which belonged to the 
farmer's life in past times. 



^ tit. ^ii.m.;St."M. sh.-m.st.m.Ji.sh.iR J ^ 
SS.m.S)lln.Sh.5l.1n.sii."!n.6l\."tn."«a.\^^ 

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The Culture of Man 



Chapter fifth. 



THE CULTURE OF MAN. 




i"J"^heTi./».Ty.;ifeb^ rormuLta oicreatVoa'. 



A TRUE EDU- 
CATION must be 
a system of In- 
struction, of 
Culture and of 
Training. For 
the nature of 
man is three- 
fold — it is intel- 

VPiT^^V^^ lectual, social 

y&m^^^'^i^W^'^^^^M^ and industrial. 

We must reach 

the head, the 

heart and the hand. We must 

impart knowledge b}^ natural and 

attractive methods; we must cul- 

tivate each group of mental facul- 

^'K'J'^KJ'^VJHL "^^^^ daily, by studies, plays and 
labors, and we must give a prac- 
tical training that shall fit the 
pupil to fill a productive place in 
the living work of society. And we must base all 
these upon a scientific knowledge of man's mental 
and physical constitution. 

The old Greek eometer told the king that there 
was no royal road to geometr}^ One might now 

121 





122 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

think from the civiHzed methods of teaching, that 
many modern instructors have taken a special deHght 
in rendering all the roads of knowledge unroyal and 
disagreeable. We have taught the knowledge which 
is in books as though it were something quite different 
from that which belongs to things. 

The black, dead letters of our books have no vitality. 
They do not reach the child's feelings, the quicken- 
ing center of all his intellectual activity. Even the 
teachers have forgotten what the names and forms 
of the letters mean. 

Natural methods. We must realize that it is 
just as natural for a child to acquire knowledge 
as it is to breathe. If w^e conform our methods to 
the natural laws, then education will become a vital 
growth and not an artificial process. 

Our method must speak to all the senses of the 
child. These senses are the doors through which all 
the materials of his knowledge must come. To him 
this world is a concrete world. It is made up of things. 
All truths are embodied. They have an outward 
clothing of substance. Analysis may distinguish sepa- 
rate properties ; we may consider the color of an orange 
without paying any attention to the fact that it is 
spherical. Only in this way can know^ledge be abstract. 

It is in this world of objects that the keen senses 
and active imagination of the child are perpetually 
delighted. It is to bring this objective world within 
the school-room that we invent the color-balls and 
blocks, the tablets and weaving-slats, the paints and 
patterns and leaves, for the younger pupils. It is for 
this that we organize the training shops for the older 
hands and brains. 



NATURAL METHODS. 123 

This method has already been tried with much 
success in many schools, although not generally 
adopted. We know that it has been uniformly suc- 
cessful in the highest scientific classes of the univer- 
sities. The students are required there to study by 
direct contact with the objects. The chemical 
student must actually combine chemical substances; 
the student of mineralogy must handle and fuse 
minerals; and one studying zoology must examine 
and dissect animals. The same method can be 
used with success in all the grades of study, from 
the kindergarten to the college. It vitahzes and fills 
each study with fresh interest. 

The greatest changes which w^e propose are 
are in the tw^o divisions of systematic culture and 
physical training. But w^e must first give a few 
pages to the subject of natural methods, in order to 
make our general sketch of education fairly com- 
plete. 

A few examples will show^ how these new methods 
work in practice. We will describe them here partly 
in the words of another, who is writing of the Quincy 
schools where these methods Vv^ere adopted. 

The school room is made one of the most 
attractive rooms in the harmonic home. It is adorned 
with pictures, flowers, minerals, curiosities and all 
that can appeal to the opening senses of the young 
mind. In the aisles between the desks are carpets 
to lessen the noise. On these desks are tablets and 
lead pencils. On the blackboards are words written 
with colored crayons, in red and green and white. 
The teacher now says : 

•'Mattie's class may copy the red words; Willie's 



l24 HtSTORiC GROWTH OP MAISf. 

class may write the green words, and Fannie 's class 
may take the white words. " 

The children take their tablets and copy the col- 
ored words; they learn to write and to distinguish 
the colors at the same time. 

Another class which does not know the alphabet 
is standing before a blackboard. ''What do I hold 
in my hand," says the teacher. Every hand is 
raised. ''What is it, Charlie?" "A cat." "Can 
you tell me a story about it?" Every hand is up 
again. "Well, Susie?" "I see a cat." "Very 
well, now look at this on the board. " She writes the 
word "cat. " "What is that?" Not a hand is raised, 
but every eye is studying the unfamiliar letters. The 
teacher sketches a cat on the board. 

"Now, what does this stand for?" pointing to 
the word. Two hands signal. "Sophie?" "A 
cat." "Oh, no; Carrie?" "Cat." "Right. Now I 
will add our old friend, " prefixing the adjective "a. " 
" Now Sophie is right — a cat. Who can find another ?" 
With this suggestive leader, the word cat is written 
on different parts of the board, but among other 
words, and the children eagerly search it out. 

The teacher writes the sentence, "I see a cat." 
That puzzles the little heads at first. But one hand is 
raised, and another, and another. "Carrie ? " "I have 
a cat." "No. Artie?" "I see a cat." The word 
"see" is wholly new to the class, but the context has 
suggested it to them and it becomes fixed in their 
minds by association. "Now you may copy this on 
your tablets. Good-bye." 

The class return to their seats to write and rewrite 
these two new words. The pronoun and adjective 



ATTRACTIVE TEACHING. 125 

they had learned before and they have now fixed the 
looks of all four of the words in their minds. They 
have learned to substitute written words for pictures. 
They are not told anything; they find out by their own 
thinking. Each one is required to ''tell a story;" he 
must form a complete sentence, however short it may 
be. 

In learning to count, actual wooden blocks 
or other objects are used. Take a class of six young 
pupils who have learned to count as far as five. The 
teacher begins, ''I have five blocks, two and two and 
one," separating them into those numbers. ''Now 
I hold one more. How many have I now? " Several 
hands are raised. "Well, May ? " " Seven," answers 
the confident May. "How many of you think that 
May is right? None Well, Georgie, tell us about 
it." "I have five blocks and I add one and have six." 
"Six what?" "Six blocks." 

"How many noses have we around the table?" 
"Well, Willie ? " " Eight." " No, we will not count 
our visitor. Tell me something about it." "I see 
seven noses." "Now we'll all go to sleep." The 
little heads all bend down and the teacher removes 
two blocks. "Wake up and find something." 
Every eye is on the blocks. "Tell us about it, 
Jamie." There were six blocks and two have been 
taken away." "How many are left. May?" "There 
are four blocks left." 

Thus the lesson proceeds with concrete numbers. 
The children see the numbers. They do not merely 
hear words, the objects are there before the words are. 
They have embodied each new-found idea in the 
words of their own. Though quickly acquired it is, 



126 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

fixed in the memorj^ The class is now weary; a 
Httle change will rest them. The teacher leads in a 
merry song, and then all are ready for fresh work. 

The whole school is now called up. Their lesson 
will combine grammar and arithmetic, and at the 
same time exercise their imaginative faculties. The 
teacher writes a number of simple sums on the black- 
board. The pupils are to match and explain each one 
of these sums with a story. A dozen eager hands are 
up. ''Well, Leona?" Leona rises and says, "I was 
walking in the lane and I found two butterflies and 
then I saw two more, and that made four butterflies." 
"Very well." The teacher puts the answer under 
the proper example and then calls another child. " I 
had two red apples and my brother gave me five 
yellow ones, and then I had seven." The whole 
school is interested. Each one is eager to tell a story 
and win one of the sums. 

Suggestive whispers are freely allowed. 
The little inventive brains soon capture the entire 
board with exactly fitting stories. Now the exercise 
is changed to work in subtraction and the answers are 
in stories as before. The children form their answers 
from their own range of experience, in the house, the 
field or the street. They are encouraged to name the 
properties of the objects which they use to make the 
answers. They do not merely say "apples " but "red 
apples" or "yellow apples." 

Let us try a class in fractions. They deal with 
dividing objects. And the first thing must be to let 
them see the division take place. The class is seated 
around a table, and before each is a lump of clay. 
Each one pats his lump down to a square cake. 



THE PLAY OF LEARXIXG. 127 

The cake is now divided into two equal parts and 
these are again divided and their size and weight 
compared. They see the meaning of wholes and 
halves and fourths, and they state these distinctions 
in words. 

In the same way they study the addition of frac- 
tions. One child's cake is divided into eight parts, 
then four are taken away and half a cake is added 
from another cake. They see at once that putting 
together one-half and foi^r-eighths make one whole 
thing. They have learned a real fact, not a string of 
words in a book. Xow they are ready for a diagram. 
They draw four white bands on the blackboard, 
then they divide these by cross-lines in red and sub- 
divide themi by lines in green. Tracing the colors 
through each band, the pupil sees the exact relation 
of halves and fourths to the whole. 

The modem method of writing down a fraction is 
deceptive and not ingenious. The child looks at -3 
and he thinks that each of these figures, in some way 
stands for a number: yet only the upper figure 
represents a number. The lower figure only tells 
what kind of a number it is. Just as when we write 
2 lbs. The lbs. is not a number, it only tells what is 
the denomination of the number 2 in this case. It 
is pounds. You cannot mtdtiply or divide or sub- 
tract pounds, but you can reduce pounds to ounces, 
another denomination. And so you can reduce the 
denominator of a fraction, but you cannot multiply 
or add or subtract it. Yet the text books of arith- 
metic tell the student to do this absurd and impossible 
thing. Fractions should be written as we do other 
denominate numbers. 



128 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

But in the new system of arithmetic, where the 
tables are sufficient to express any quantity in whole 
numbers, very little use will be made of fractions: 
they will only occupy three pages of the text book. 

A CLASS IN GEOGRAPHY is before us. They 
are to study Great Britain. Why choose one of their 
number as a scribe ? They have already read its de- 
scription in their text books. A table is before 
them with a pile of brown molding sand. They must 
first spell out the name of the country, and, as they 
proceed, all the important words of the lesson are 
spelled and written by the scribe on the blackboard. 
They are to study the surface, with its mountain 
range, its plains, lakes and rivers, and its indented 
seacost, by molding all these in the sand. Each 
pupil contributes some fact on these topics, and gives 
his factexpression b}^ shaping the pile of sand. 

The general form of Great Britain is first made in 
outline. Then this outline is modified by molding 
its edges into capes and bays, and its interior into 
mountains and plains. 

If a mistake is made, either in describing any part, 
or in molding its form, the class take a vote to see if a 
majority can correct the fault. In one lesson they 
are able to construct a complete map in relief on the 
table. They have touched almost every topic in 
geography. Where sand would not serve their pur- 
pose, they have helped themselves out with model- 
ing clay. 

Once they would have been merely taught that 
"an island is a portion of land surrounded by 
water." But these children take a lump of 
clay and are taught to make a clay island on 




TEACHING GEOGRAPHY. 129 

the table. This table has a slightly raised rim, so 
that they can actually cover it and surround their 
island with water. The table itself may be painted 
blue, to represent water, and then the land is appro- 
priately showm by the brown sand. 

A NEW ARITHMETIC 

will be one of the neces- 
sary things in a social 
order where both econo- 
my and common sense 
have a voice in deciding 
affairs. 

The primitive races of 

men counted on their 

fingers and in that way 

^ ^ ^ the decimal or system of 

Watch or Clock Dial Face. ^ 

tens came to be the basis 
of arithmetic. But the best mathematicians of the 
present time assert that ten is not at all the best 
number to count by as a basis. It can only be 
divided once without fractions. A square is an 
essential basis of all surface measure. But you 
cannot divide ten by four. Again, the trinity is 
everyw^here in mathematics. But three is not a 
factor in ten. 

We adopt twelve as a radix, because it is a perfect 
number. It has twice as many factors as ten. It 
is divisible by two, by three, by four and by six. It 
admits of the. natural sub-divisions by halves, thirds, 
quarters and squares. And its adoption will do aw^ay 
with the awkward mass of fractions which now take 
^bout one-fourth of the text book. 

The scale requires twelve figures or digits, and 



A NEW ARITHMEl-lC. ISO 

feacii move of a figure to the left will increase its value 
twelve times. Three figures will then stand for 
twelve times twelve (144) instead of ten times ten 
(100). 

The method of increasing the value from right 
to left seemed natural enough to the Arabs and 
the Hindoos, for that was the direction in which they 
wrote, beginning the line on the right side of the page 
and going toward the left. But it seems awkward and 
unnatural to the European or the American boy, 
for we write from the left side toward the right. It 
seems to the boy that the numbers should increase 
in value in the same direction as he reads words. 

The scale of weights and aieasures should 
certainly have the same law of increase as the 
system of numbers. Following is a tentative table. 
The linear unit is convertible into those of square 
and cubic measure, and it enters into those of weight. 
On comparing the six divisions of the table we see 
that only the initial letter is changed in passing from 
one to the other. This renders them easy to learn 
and remember. The words are entirely new, in 
order to secure brevity and unity of form. Nature 
gives us no object of invariable length for a unit. 
We adopt the British inch, or one-twelfth of it, as 
our unit of length. That can always be proved by 
the pendulum. The French meter was copied from 
an inaccessible unit, which may never be proved or 
known. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



131 



The scale of weights and measures should certainly 
have the same law of increase as the system of numbers. 
Below is a tentative table. The linear unit is convertible into 
those of square and cubic measure, and it enters into those of 
weight. On comparing the six divisions of the table we see 
that only the initial letter is changed' in passing from one to 
the other. This renders them easy to learn and remember. 
The words are entirely new, in order to secure brevity and 
unity of form. Nature gives us no object of invariable length 
for a unit. We adopt the British inch, or one-twelfth of it, 
as our unit of length. That can always be proved by the 
pendulum. The French meter was copied from an inaccess- 
ible unit, which ma}^ never be proved or known. 



LINEAR measure. 

i-i2ofaninch i sad 

1 2 sads or I inch i sed 

3 2 seds, I ft I sid 

i2sids I sod 

12 sods, 144 ft I sed 

12 seds ,....! sad 

12 sads, 3 f J miles i sid 

six inches i seda 

six feet i sida 

CUBIC MEASURE. 

I-I2 cubic inch i kad 

12 kads, I cubic inch..i ked 

12 keds I kd 

12 kids, I cubic foot... I kod 
12 kcds, 144 cubic ft... I ked 
12 keds, 2V3 cub. yds..i kad 
12 kacs, 256 cub. yds..i kyd 

six cubic inches i keda 

^ix cubic feet i kedo 

UNITS OF TIME. 

12 todas I tod 

12 tods, 5 minutes i tad 

12 tads, one hour i ted 

12 teds, I day or night.. i tid 

24 hours, or teds i tod 

30 tods and 5 teds i tad 

12 tads and 5 tods i tyd 



SURFACE OR SQUARE. 

I- 1 2 inch square i fad 

12 sads square i fed 

12 seds square i fid 

12 sids square i fdd 

12 sods squar.e i fed 

12 seds square i fad 

12 sads square i fid 

six inches square i feda 

six feet square i fida 

UNITS OF WEIGHT. 

I- 1 2 cubic inch water... i bad 
12 bads, I cubic inch....i bed 

12 beds I bid 

12 bids I bod 

12 bods I bed 

12 bed I bad 

12 bads I bid 



UNITS OF WORK. 

5 min. human labor..! stod 

12 stods, I hour i stad 

Horseormech. powen.i sted 

Heat, 1 degree F i stid 

Electr I stod 

photome i stad 

Velocity 864 ft. p. min.i styd 



132 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




The practical working of a 
twelve-fold scale of measures and 
weights shows great advantages over 
a scale with ten for a basis, like 
the metric system. The properties 
of numbers are fixed in the nature of 
things. We cannot change these 
properties. The best that we can do 
is to make our system of numbers and 
our scale of measures as nearly as 
possible like these properties in 
nature. 

Nature has used twelve as a basis 
of construction in both the head and 
the body of man. And this twelve 
she divides into a series of threes and fours. Even 
in the hand, where five appears, j^et one of these, 
the thumb, is of entirely different rank from the rest. 
If the thumb were ranged as one of a row with the 
fingers, then the hand would have lost all its power 
and value as an instrument of skill. The five 
branches of the hand require a sixth part, the palm, 
as their constant pivot of action. 

In all the objects of nature and in the works of 
man, the constitutent factors of twelve appear seven 
times as often as the factors of ten. These are con- 
clusive proofs of the superior value of twelve as the 
scale-basis of arithmetic. Of course, in adopting the 
series of twelves, we would require a new set of char- 
acters or digits to express the numbers. The author 
proposes to take the twelve consonant characters of 
the new alphabet for these figures. 

Thirty-five years since, the present writer devised 



SYSTEMATIC CULTURE. 133 

^ systerrl of arithmetic with twelve as its number 
basis. The subject is of so much practical import- 
ance, arithmetic must always have so prominent a 
part in education, that he has thought it best to give 
a little space to the subject here. The tables of 
weights and measures here given can be learned five 
times as quickly as those of the metric or of the still 
older systems. And all the practical operations of 
arithmetic would be shortened. 

When a new universal language is adopted, the 
names applied to the series of numbers in counting will 
be both simple and regular, so that learning to count 
will be much easier than with the present method. 

Measures of time already 

have twelve as a prominent 

factor. But in counting tlie 

't^^a^-^^-^aturdaj, hours of the day on dials of clocks 

/irThV^a^/m^ and watches, the European 

^^^K. ^^g nations adopted a method at once 

TLyin^iur&f. T^iVision. unnatural, foolish and wasteful. 

They began counting the hours of 

each day at midnight. 

The revolution of the earth on its axis results in 
twelve hours of daylight and twelve hours of night- 
shadow, as shown in the upper figure. This is the 
natural or normal division of a complete diurnal 
period. But the common and unnatural method 
takes the shadow period, divides it into two halves, 
and gives one half to one day and one half to another 
day ! This is shown in the lower figure. Here we see 
that Thursday consists of one period of light and two 
half periods, of darkness. Surely an ill-balanced 
brain conceived such a mode of division. 




134 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

On page 129 is given a watch dial with the 
normal division and mode of counting. Here we 
begin counting at what has been called six o'clock in 
the morning, or sunrise at the vernal equinox. Here 
is where the astronomers begin to count for the whole 
year. Starting from this point the hour hand de- 
scribes the upper half of the dial during the day-time 
and the lower half during the night-time. It follows 
the apparent course of the sun for the twenty-four 
hours. At noon it points upward, at midnight it 
points downward. At noon is six o'clock; we have 
been up at work six hours The numbering corre- 
sponds to the practical work of life. The numbers 
from twelve to twenty-four belong to the night-time. 
A twenty-four hour dial does away with the awkward 
necessity of writing A. M. or P. M. after any hour, in 
order to know whether it is an hour of the day or 
of the night time. .0^r^KV^ 

The dial is divided into periods ^^,'A\^ ',M'. 
of six hours by dark-shaded points, 
and periods of three hours by 
half-shaded ones, It thus becomes 
easy to tell the hour by the mere 
position of the hand, without read- 
ing the figures. It is more legible 
than the older form of dials. 

Systematic culture is the most '^K^f^^i^ 
vital and central part of education. Tliis, too, has 
been the most neglected or overlooked in the schools 
of the past. The school should organize th3 intel- 
lectual, the social and the industrial life of the child. 

We have described the way to make knowledge 




ONE HOUR EACH DAY. 







lS6 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

attractive. We have now to learn how it may be 
made the high and successful instrument for the in- 
tegral culture of man. 

The object of the school is to fit the child to become 
a valuable member of society. How much of tliis 
work shall the school undertake to accomplish, and 
how much should be left to the family and other in- 
fluences ? The answer is found in certain basic laws 
of man's nature. We look into the marvelous brain 
of man and we see that the radiant lines of all its 
organs are united in two common centers of action. 
The intellect, the feelings and the will w^ere all made 
to work together. If we attempt to cultivate a part 
of these and leave the rest untouched, we shall violate 
a fundamental law of the mind. 

The schools of civilism cultivate the intellect to a 
certain extent, reaching about three groups of facul- 
ties out of the whole twelve. People wonder wiiy the 
school and college education does not make men moral. 
These do not cultivate the moral faculties. They do 
not make men successful and efficient because they 
do not train the faculties of the will. We reap what 
we sow. 

One hour each day is given to the direct 
culture of each group of faculties, taking these up in a 
natural order of response and succession. We regu- 
late the entire life of the child. His plays are turned 
into instructive means of mental training. The 
whole school is formed into twelve groups, and each 
group has an elected leader who helps to direct its 
studies and plays. This is the plan in all the grades. 
If the school had only six hours of time daily, then 
only half an hour would be allotted to each group. 



STUDIES CLASSIFIED. 13? 

In all this we are guided by a great natural law. 
For the young of all animals, man included, attempt 
to do in sport and play just the kind of things which 
they are going to do as the serious business of life 
when they reach adult years. The young kitten 
chases a ball, watches it and springs upon it as though 
it were a mouse. The incipient mouser is there, strug- 
gling for utterance and discipline. The lamb does 
nothing of the kind, but he skips and wanders about, 
betraying and preparing for the ultimate grazing 
occupations of his kindred. The little girl plays at 
keeping house with a doll ; the boy must have his 
horse and wagon. 

Now we can easily take these instinctive tendencies 
and organize the plays of the child so that they shall 
be important and successful means of teaching. And, 
after the fifth or seventh year, they may become more 
or less productive to society. It does not satisfy the 
the child that all of his plays should be abortive and 
none of them real. Many light industries can be so 
organized that they will be in every way attractive to 
the unfolding mind and the developing physical 
system. But no employment and no study must 
continue long at a time. Short lessons are best. 
Frequent change of thought and action is the rule for 
rapid and normal growth in childhood. 

The engraved model gives one arrangement 
for the special hours of culture for each group in 
figures. Three studies for each are indicated. In 
the table of studies, one hundred and forty-four 
divisions of these are given. The studies are classified 
with reference to their distinctive influence on the 
faculties. 



138 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

PLAN OF STUDIES. 



GROUP OF HOME, 5 to 7 o'clock. Art of Dressing— 
Bathing, toilet and costume. Art of Eating — Flavors, 
odors and digestion. House and Field — House-care, 
messages and field culture. 

ART GROUP, 7 to 8 o'clock. Mathematics — Geometry, 
arithmetic and measuring. Graphics — Drawing, painting 
and penmanship. Object Lessons — Geography, botany 
and zoology. 

COMMERCE GROUP, 8 to 9 o'clock. Engineering— 
Civil, mechanical and locomotive. Fertility — Textile, cul- 
ture, fertilizers and stock-raising. Commerce — Distribution, 
traveling and transportation. 

FAMILISM. 9 to 10 o'clock. Learning — Obedience, guid- 
ance and study. Amusements — Plays, festivals and work. 
Service — Waiting, altruism and patriotism. 

LETTERS, 10 to 11 o'clock. History— Civilization, bi- 
ography and chronolog^^ Language — Grainmar, speaking, 
and music. Publication — Books, newspapers and corre- 
spondence. 

WEALTH, 11 to 12 o'clock. Factories — Order in work 
tools, and machinery, fictiles and textiles. Economics — 
Expenses, ownership and exchanges. Storage — Providence, 
warehouses, and harvesting. 

MARRIAGE, 12 to 1 o'clock. Dualism — Sex structure, 
floration and rites. Heridity — Transmission, permanence 
and variation. Luxuries — Recreation, caressing and pleas- 
ures. 

SCIENCE, 1 to 2 o'clock. Laws — Logic, mentology and 
rules. Beauty — Esthetics, symbolisin and adornment. 
Science — Mechanics, cosmology and dynamics. 

LABOR, 2 to 3 o'clock. Justice — Rights, duties and 
penalties. Utility — Labor, groups, industrial plays and 
trades. Environs — Climate, forestry and horticulture. 

CULTURE, 3 to 4 o'clock. Hospitality — Entertain- 
ment, conversation and friendship. Reform — Discoveries, 
teaching and adoption. Manners — Mimetics, morahty 
and elocution. 

RULERSHIP, 4 to 5 o'clock. Leadership— Authority, 
training and ranks. Elections — Votine. grouping and trans- 
ferring. Displays — Standards, exhibitions and processions. 

RELIGION, 5 to 6 o'clock. Worship — Ceremonies, 
spiritually and belief. Unity — Philanthropy, interchanges 
and discipline. Enterprises — Reclamation^ improvements 
and undertakings. 



HEALING GF THE NATIONS. 139 

Commencing at five or six o'clock in the morning, 
we take up the sensitive or home group. We spend 
the hour in teaching and showing the pupils the art of 
bathing, toilet and dressing, with effects of different 
kinds of clothing in its material, colors and forms. 
Second, we teach them the art of eating, including 
the subjects of odors, flavors and digestion. And 
third, we instruct them in house cares, cooking and 
table serving. All these studies tend directly to 
stimulate and develop the domestic or home group 
of faculties. 

The next hour, from seven to eight A. M., the 
perceptive or art group of faculties is the object of 
culture. Here we use geometry, arithmetic and 
measuring; we teach the elements of drawing, painting 
and penmanship, and we give object lessons in 
geography, botany and geology. These studies tend 
to develop the perceptive faculties. 

In this way we proceed with all the twelve g oups, 
giving an hour to each one, and taking them up in the 
responsive order of their mental action. That is, 
each group is to be followed by that group which 
balances or responds to it. We have spoken of these 
responses in describing the model city. 

As far as possible each faculty is cultivated through 
its own proper objects of action and not simply 
through verbal instruction. Thus the friendship of 
a child is cultivated by its doing friendly deeds; its 
integrity by showing it how to treat its fellows justly, 
and its faculty of construction by teaching it to make 
articles of use or play. 

A child learns naturally by seeing others do things, 
as well as bv the trial of its own powers. It must 



i40 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

form its abstract ideas by seeing them embodied in 
concrete objects. During the first ten years of the 
child's Hfe the chief instruments used in teaching are 
object lessons, conversations and industrial plays. 
Yet it is best for the average child to learn the 
alphabet soon after it has learned to talk fairly well. 
The table of studies gives a sufficient guide for sub- 
dividing the many topics required in the detailed 
work of the school room. Each text-book must con- 
tain a more extended analysis of its special subjects. 

This perfect plan gives four hours a day for intel- 
lectual culture, four for social and four for industrial 
culture. The four groups of ambition, industry, 
wealth and commerce exert their influence directly 
on the muscular system, and their culture therefore 
belongs to the physical side of education. Yet more 
or less physical labor is used as a means of teaching 
in the other groups. When night comes, we arc 
certain that every faculty in every one of the pupils 
has been brought under systematic training. We 
have not proceeded upon guess work, nor relied 
upon good fortune. We have insti uted a direct 
relation and correspondence between each part of the 
school and the plan of the human mind. In no other 
way can we secure integral culture with certainty. 

The kindergartens, the Quincy schools and many 
others have illustrated some of the methods by which 
the different branches of study may be made ex- 
termely interesting and attractive to the minds of 
children and youths. But these schools did not ar- 
range the studies so that they would accomplish 
the central work of systematic culture for all of the 
faculties. 



DIVISIONS OF SCIENCE. 141 

It is not ' ' moral education " or ' ' technical education ' ' 
or ''intellectual education" that we need. None of 
these partial remedies will answer the pressing de- 
mands of this age. It is integral education only that 
can save civilization from social paralysis, from 
intellectual dry-rot and from industrial convulsions. 
When all the twelve fruits of the tree of life shall have 
a true culture, then indeed will their rich flavor bear 
the strength of ''healing to the nations." 

The STUDIES in our table have been ar- 
ranged with reference to their direct bearing on the 
practical departments of actual life. Art, letters, 
science, culture, religion, marriage, famnlism, home, 
commerce, wealth, industry and government — all 
these are the concrete realities of life ; they touch the 
questions of our daily happiness; they sum up the 
vital interests of the individual and of society. 

The common divisions of knowledge do not 
respond very closely with their actual use in the work 
of life. Yet they are of value because they show 
certain and extensive relations which exist among the 
laws of nature. 

DIVISIONS OF SCIENCE. 
MATHEMATICS : BIOLOGY : PHYSICS : 

Geometry, Mentology, Cosmology, 

Spacics, Physiology, Chemistry, 

Arithmetic. Botany. Dynamics. 

SUBDIVISION OF THE ABOVE. 

MENTOLOGY: COSMOLOGY: 

Psychology, Geography, 

Sociology, Geology, 

Economics. Astronomy. 



142 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The arrangements of text-books with us is a matter 
of more importance than it was in the old methods, 
although we no longer depend upon our text-books 
exclusively. Extended tables of analysis have been 
made as a basis for the Vesona or universal language. 
These show a minute classification of every branch of 
human knowledge, and they are used as a guide in the 
new system of schools. 

A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. The civilizcd man 
is more natural than the primitive man. For his 
nature is now more unfolded, better developed. It is 
true that the primitive man followed a natural impulse 
in choosing vocal sounds to express his thoughts and 
feelings, and thus invented language. But with the 
vast knowledge of the present day to guide us, a new 
language can be formed upon both a natural and a 
philosophical basis. Great linguists assure us that 
"Such a language might be far more perfect, more 
regular and more easy to learn than any of the spoken 
languages of man." It could truly represent the 
entire growth of past ages, in art, in science and in 
social life. 

The Vesona is a language based, first, upon the 
natural meanings of the vocal sounds; second, upon 
the natural laws of thought and expression, and 
third, upon a scientific classification of every branch 
of human knowledge, so that the language may reflect 
the same order, simplicity and unity that prevail 
everywhere in nature. 

Human language is an art with three great divisions, 
grammar, music and gesture. Two of these divisions, 
that is music and gesture, have already been develope d 
to a great extent in harmony with natural laws. In 



THE PHASES 0^ DEVELOPMl^Nt. 143 

the Vesona the author has attempted to attain this 
same result in the grammar and the vocabulary of 
language, for these formi the most important part in 
the great art of expression. 

It is estimated that the Vesona can be learned in 
one- tenth part of the time that it now takes to learn 
any of the European languages. In education and 
in the cost of books and newspapers, its adoption will 
save hundreds of millions annually in either Great 
Britain or the United States. 

When all the nations have the same political and 
social constitution, the jealousies and quarrels which 
so long divided them will come to an end. The com- 
mon knowledge and common interests of all nations 
will dem.and a universal language as its symbol and 
instrument of expression. 

If we take an existing language, like English, 
French or German, and modify its grammar and vo- 
cabulary until these are simple and regular, then we 
should find that these changes would make it more 
difficult to learn than a new language would be. The 
mixture of old and new forms would be a source of 
perpetual confusion to persons who had already been 
familiar with the language in its older form. This is 
inlly proved by the several attempts which have 
alread}^ been made to modify the English in this way. 
The only practical way was to make a language en- 
tirely new. 

The phases of development from the years 
of infancy upward must guide in the gradation 
of studies and classes. In childhood the lower facul- 
ties are dominantly active; they are ruled by sensa- 
tions, perceptions and impulses. As life advances 



144 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

successively, higher organs come into prominent 
activity. In the home or common school the children 
under ten years of age form three groups or classes ; 
those of art, home and commerce. The youths from 
ten to thirteen form the groups of letters, familism 
and wealth. Those from thirteen to twenty form 
the groups of science^ culture, marriage, ambition and 
industry. 

As some children develop much faster than others 
of the same age, this limit of years must be varied 
somewhat to suit the different cases. The children 
are grouped as far as possible according to their char- 
acters. Those with the ambitious faculties dominant 
are placed in the group of rulership ; those with large 
reasoning organs form the group of science, and so of 
the rest. 

The gradation of studies is not a difficult matter, 
yet it is a thing of some importance. There are 
truths which belong to the higher faculties which are 
yet so simple that a child of five or seven can under- 
stand them without difficulty. There are other truths 
which make a vivid impression through their natural 
symbols and ceremonies. It is chiefly through these 
that the higher faculties of the child must at first be 
cultivated. We must remember that analogies belong 
with the fixed laws of nature, and we have no more 
right to violate the figures of speech than we have to 
misuse the figures of arithmetic. The symbols of 
religion may impress a child at three 3^ears. At seven 
he may form some idea of his relations to the human 
family by those which he bears to his brothers, sisters 
and parents. The community itself is only an ex- 
tension of the family, as the history of our race 



CRITERION OF TRUTH. 145 

abundantly teaches. The laws of sex would be under- 
stood first from the study of flowers and fruits. 

Entering manhood. At the age of fifteen years 
the character and tastes of the youth have been 
well studied by his teachers; he has learned the use of 
various tools in the workshop or on the farm, and 
hence he is ready to choose his occupation for life. 
So far the studies have been similar for all the pupils. 
They have included facts and principles, such as all 
classes of persons will find useful and necessary as 
they pass through life. 

There are truths in chemistry which are of value 
to us, no matter in what employment we may be 
engaged. The laws of health must be understood by 
us all or we shall be constantly liable to fall a prey to 
disease. Each one must take care of his own body. 
The laws of dynamics enter into almost every pursuit 
of civilization. There are many tools which every 
child should learn to use. The laws of society require 
a constant obedience from its members, hence these 
laws mUvSt be learned. 

A SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS COuld COVCr thcSC 

essential parts of universal knowledge. Thc}^ would 
not be so elaborate but that they might be mastered 
by every pupil in the course of study and the amount 
of time allotted in the common school. These text- 
books would include separate treatises on geometry, 
spacics, arithmetic, chemistry, cosmology, dynamics, 
mental science, physiology, botany, language, aesthe- 
tics and handcraft. These books should all be 
planned with reference to each other. The separate 
treatises might be written out by authors who were 
skilled in each branch, 



146 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The youth now makes a choice of some trade or 
employment, and taking up the special and elaborate 
studies which belong to that, he follows these until his 
graduation at twenty-one. During these years he is 
under the direct practical instruction of teachers who 
are masters or officers in his chosen employment. It 
will be observed that this system applies and is alike 
adapted to both sexes. 

Higher schools. The college and the univer- 
sity have the same plan as here sketched, only it is upon 
an enlarged scale. Every one of the twelve groups 
has a male and a female teacher, and over the whole 
is a president and a presidess. 

The special colleges, training students for only one 
profession, would only require a faculty of thirteen 
officers. 

Culture in maturity is provided for in all 
the bands by regular courses of lectures and discus- 
sions in the department of culture. These cover the 
ground of art, science and philosophy, with all the 
new discoveries made from time to time. Thus our 
education becomes perpetual. 

Unity of truth. Every truth, every law, 
bears a fixed relation to the constitution of man. 
Therefore when it is once fully understood, it must 
appear essentially the same to all minds. It is the 
k of science to take the phenomena of life, whether 
these belong to our physical or our spiritual experi- 
ence, and by classifying, comparing and testing the 
phenomena, to discover the natural laws under which 
they were produced. Then we can understand the 
facts and also see their bearing upon the conditions 
of happiness. ... 



BASIC f»ROPERTIES, l47 

In order to be scientific, the proofs must always be 
of such a character that all can understand them alike. 
They can thus become the common basis for unity of 
social action. We must not impose any doctrine or 
belief upon any person, and no doctrine or belief 
which is not susceptible to scientific proof must ever 
be made a part of the laws or constitution of society. 

Ordinary knowledge expresses in a single 
formula a particular truth respecting a particular 
phenomenon. 

Science expresses in a single formula a general 
truth respecting an entire order of phenomena. 

Philosophy expresses in a single formula a 
universal truth respecting all phenomena. 

Art consists of rules by which work is to be 
done. Skill is the mental and physical qualification 
required for the use of these rules. 

All science is practical knowledge, for it is based 
upon an exact acquaintance with the objects of nature. 
It differs from other knowledge in possessing system, 
clearness and certainty, in place of disorder, obscurity 
and uncertainty. 

If we are to accept philosophy as the highest sum- 
mary of truth, then it is important that its basis be 
carefully and honestly laid. And because philos- 
ophers have done careless and bad work at the very 
foundations, we must here consider for a moment 
the fundamental concepts of space, time and the 
"infinite." The real truth about these is clear and 
simple when rightly stated. 

Basic properties. Every object has form, space 
and parts. We express its space by saying it 
has length, breadth and thickness. This block has 



148 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




the Space between its 
six limits or sides, just 
as it has a square form. 
A surface is a limit of 
a solid or a body. A 
line is a limit of a sur- 
face, as the line A B, _ 
which is one limit of 

the Surface i. A point is a limit of a line, or where 
lines meet, as at P, where the Hnes C D and A B 
meet. 

The 1st and the 2d surfaces meet on the line A B. 
A limit both unites and separates. The last limit of 
one object is always the first limit of the next one. 
We cannot measure any space w^ithout measuring an 
object, nor can we conceive of space as existing with- 
out a limit. In passing from object to object, in any 
direction, we perceive that they are continuous or 
adjacent, and this is a positive property or fact 
The negative word infinite is exactly the opposite of 
the truth in the matter. The universe does not have 
just one limit any more than it has just one color or 
just one shape in it. If we say it is "limitless," then 
we must also say that it is ''formless " and " colorless." 

Time or duration is the central element in 
all motions. Swing your hand in a circle. The 
motion has form, for it is circular. It has space, say 
two feet across. But there is another element, the 
motion has duration or time. Without this central 
elemnt we would not know that a motion had been 
made. 

We can only measure time by measuring a move- 
ment, We measure the year by movements of the 



PHYSICAL CULTURE. 149 

earth; the hours we measure by moving wheels in 
clocks and watches. Time is the same kind of a 
thing whether there is little or much of it, and so is 
space. To talk about "incomprehensible space or 
time" is just as absurd as it would be to talk of an 
"incomprehensible circle or square!" Time cannot 
c ase unless all motions cease. 

Physical culture. A perfect state of health 
implies three things — beauty, happiness and strength. 
In a perfect man or woman the soul and the body 
respond to each other like the higher and lower octaves 
in a musical instrument. 

Each organ of the brain can polarize and move 
such muscles of the body as have the same line of 
direction as its own fibers, and hence the mental 
faculty must be cultivated, must be brought into 
action at the same time as the muscle, if we would 
se:ure normal culture, and the movements must suc- 
ceed each other according to the responsive law of 
thirds, fifths and octaves. This law of musical chords 
is embodied in the structure and proportion of the 
parts in both body and brain. These are basic truths 
of physical and mental culture. 

In the full-page side view of the muscles, the lines 
of direction are given for the larger muscles of the 
trunk, and on each part of the muscle is placed the 
name of the brain faculty that moves that part by 
having the same direction. In each part of this chart 
we must compare it with those of the brain. The 
names of the muscles are in CAPITALS. 

The great arm movements come from the PEC- 
TORIS muscle on the front of the chest and a corre- 
sponding one on the back called the TRAPEZIUS. 



150 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



This one is attached along 
the spine from the base of 
the skull to below the mid- 
dle of the back. There is 
a wide difference of direc- 
tion for the fibers in the 
various parts of each 
muscle. At the lower part 
of the PECTORIS is a 
bundle of fibers that lies 
m the same line as the 
brain organ of appetite. 
This part of the muscle is 
used to reach down and 
get our food when eating. 
In reaching forward and 
down, to feel of things and 
^o place things in order, we 
ase the fibers marked form, 
order and sensation. The 
gestures of memory and 
attention are made by the 
bundle marked by these 
words. Above this bundle 
are those of reason, culture 
and philanthropy. 

In stooping down and 
helping a person to get up, 

we use the bundle marked kindness. The organ of 
f^-ith gives a still higher gesture. That of hope is 
almost vertical, and that of integrity is quite so. 

The INTERNAL OBLIQUE muscle acts down and 
bapk in the Une of destruction. This muscle assists 




^\U\ tlMUt^. 



NORMAL SYSTEM OF GESTURES. 151 




3IPE VIEW OF MUSCLES. 



152 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

in expelling the worn out and offensive air from the 
lungs. The LOCOTENSOR (Ten, Vag. Femoris) has 
the mental line of stability and is one of the muscles 
required for standing. 

On the shoulder, the DELTOID muscle with its 
front part raises the hand directly upward, as in 
taking an oath. Its back part lifts the shoulders in the 
line of dignity. Holding a bundle in the arms, or a 
child, requires the use of the BICEPS muscle with 
parts of the PECTORIS marked "parenity" and 
"caressing. " 

The TRICEPS muscle (not the BICEPS) is the 
muscle for striking. The blacksmith and carpenter 
require this large. It is evident that the various kinds 
of labor call into action diffe ent sets of muscles and 
therefore different groups of mental faculties. Each 
kind of labor then has its specific effect on mental 
culture. 

The central line and focus of the PECTORIS muscle 
is marked in front with a star, the B or breast focus. 
On the back, the corresponding line of the TRA- 
PEZIUS is marked with a cross, as the heart focus. 
Lower down on the back a cross marks the focus of 
action for the lower limbs. These two balance on 
the minor axis, passing through the stomach, solar 
plexus, liver, spleen and pancreas. Hence move- 
ments of the upper and the lower limbs together 
react on the central organs of nutrition and stimulate 
the appetite. 

We are to look upon every muscle, every pait 
of the body, as vitalized by the faculties of the soul; 
it is pervaded by our spiritual life, as its sympathetic 
and responsive instrument. Back of every muscular 



LINES OP GESTURE. 153 

tnovement there must be a thought, an emotion 
and a purpose of the soul. And this vital law explains 
why, if we wish a sound and permanent culture of the 
muscles, actual labors, with definite products in view, 
are far superior to any possible system of athletics 
or gymnastics. The latter use the body without 
much use of the brain. They violate a basic law of 
organic unity. They give spasmodic and not endur- 
ing strength. 

A NORMAL SYSTEM OF GESTURES will bc all 

that w^ill remain of gymnastic exercises in a true 
system of education. Normal gestures follow the 
line of the brain-fibers, as we may see from studying 
the chart. And this law governs the vocal gestures 
as well as the movements of the limbs, the trunk and 
the expressions of the face. The inflections of the 
voice follow the mimetic law. And each vocal sound 
is a gesture of the mouth, made by moving some 
parts of the mouth in the line of some brain organ. 
And these lines give us the natural meaning of each 
sound as embodied in the Vesona or universal 
language. 

The brain movements were finally demonstrated 
by the experiments of Ferrier, and published in his 
'* Functions of the Brain," 1876. These were mad 
chiefly on the brains of monkeys, dogs, cats and 
birds. Currents of electricit}^ were applied to differ- 
ent parts of the brain and the resulting movements 
carefully noted. Eminent physiologists of Europe 
and America have repeated, and indorsed the validity, 
of these experiments. The movements thus elicited 
were gestures, always taking the line of the brain 
organ excited. The engraving on page 156 gives 



154 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



„„^^«W,E 







I.INES OF GESTURE. 



FERRIER S EXPERIMENTS. 155 

the principal part of the organs located in this way. 
It was a misconception on the part of some scientists 
to name these ''motor centers." Ferrier says that 
the movements were evidently made to express feel- 
ings; they were true gestures. Our drawing shows 
the external surface of the brain, the folding or con- 
volutions. Ferrier only marks what parts of the 
body were responsively excited by each region of 
the brain. We have added the name of the mental 
faculty belonging there. 

The current from an organ of the brain goes over 
a long and curved path in order to reach a muscle. 
How, then, does it move the latter in its own line of 
direction ? It can only be by inducing its own state of 
polarity in the muscular fibers. Thus polarized they 
at once assume the same direction as the brain-faculty. 
This is the only explanation science can now offer 
concerning these responsive actions. 



156 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MXK,' 










FORMS OF TRUTH. 157 

FORMS OF TRUTH. 



Knowledge. 



Science — Mathematics, Biology, Physics. 
Letters — Erudition, Ideas, Literature. 
Arts — Rules, Employments, Home Arts. 

Language. 

Rhetoric — Syntax, Composition, Prosodies. 
Words — Symbols, Nouns, Modifiers. 
Expression — Speaking, Music, Gesture. 

Relation. 

Existence — Verity, Being, Negation. 
State — Condition, Standing, Possibility. 
Causality — Means, Actor, End. 

MENTALITY. 

Ideation. 

Perception — Observing, Experiment, Measuring. 
Retention — Attention, Recollection, Classing. 
Reflection — Conception, Analysis, Invention. 

SOCIATION. 

Culture — Morals, Entertainment, Manners. 
Sociability — Affection, Intercourse, Respect. 
Industry — Organizing, Conducting, Distributing. 

wSensation. 

Mentosense — Vision, Audition, Aurosense. 
Unosense — Existence, Pleasure, Pain. 
Tacto-sense — Smell, Taste, Touch. 



158 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

VITALITY. 

Generation. 

Sexation — Procreation, Semination, Breeding. 
Gestation— Ovulation, Cell-genesis, N id ifi cation. 
Maturation — Nourishing, Parturition, Harvesting. 

VlTATION. 

Ingestion — vSalivation, Deglutition, Mastication. 
Nutrition — Digestion, Assimilation, Circulation. 
Egestion — Respiration, Exhaustion, Excretion. 

MOTATION. 

Working — Handling, Holding, Moving. 
Restoring — Mento-Rest, Recovery, Pla^ang. 
Locomotion — Flying, Footing, Swimming. 



Wealth and Industry 



CHAPTER SIXTH. 
WEALTH AND INDUSTRY. 

Science is a builder. Its hand is art, its work 
is civilization. Behind its working hand is the warm 
and throbbing heart and radiant brain. The ideal 
dreams of one age become the scientific verities of 
the next. 

Science questions all things. But if it destroys 
the old, it puts something new and better in its place. 
If it strips the fantastic garb of custom fromi the form 
of Truth, it does this to show the truth in its native 
loveliness. 

For sixty years past the thoughtful minds of Chris- 
tian countries have been asking how it is that long 
established forms of government and methods of 
business have yet failed to secure the comforts of life 
and a little of its luxuries to more than one-half 
of the active producers. And all this in face of the 
fact that science and invention have enormously 
increased the productive power of man. 

The best minds among scientific men are compelled 
to think that our methods and institutions include 
fundamental wrongs and fatal defects. And that no 
amount of good motives or high intentions can ever 
bring good results out of these bad systemxS. 

Civihsra left its industry without organization, 
to be the pre}^ of fierce and selfish competition. Its 
best possible results brought wealth an4 comfort 

161 



162 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

to the few, while poverty was the hopeless lot of the 
masses. In the greatest and wealthiest city of the 
world, the Prime Minister said that ''there were two 
hundred thousand people who do not have as good a 
place to sleep as we ordinarily give to a horse ! " ''In 
a large and increasing body of the population, misery 
reigns supreme," says Prof. Huxley. 

Are not things better in the United States, 
where the people themselves are the supreme 
law -makers, and where for a century they have 
established libert}^ and equality ? Alas ! they are not 
enough better to be worth mentioning. 

But the statesmen, the political economists and the 
newspapers do their best to persuade the people that 
here every man has an equal chance with the rest to 
acquire wealth; that it is a man's own fault, his lack 
of industry, thrift and judgment, if he does not 
gather wealth and the comforts and luxuries for him- 
self and family. Let us look at this proposition a 
moment and we shall perceive its vicious and hateful 
falsehood. In any of the ordinary industries, in any- 
thing except mining, a man by his own labor cannot 
in forty years accumulate more than ten thousand 
dollars. In most of the industries he could not ac- 
cumulate three thousand. At the end of that time, 
this amount would give him a small cottage and a lot 
of his own. 

His only chance for getting rich is by employ- 
ing others and making a profit out of their labors. 
Anybody can do this who wants to, they tell us. 
Very well. Suppose now that everybody, all the 
working people, decide that they want to get rich. 
So they all become employers. They do not wor 



RIGHTS OF WEALTH. ' 163 

with their own hands. Now who is left to do the 
w^ork ? They all had a right to be masters instead of 
workmen, according to the popular teaching. 

We see that such teaching was a wicked falsehood, 
invented to delude the masses with the idea that they 
had individual liberty, freedom of choice and equal 
opportunities. In the United States a man's chance 
of getting moderately rich is only one in three hun- 
dred ! 

The affairs of industry, of production and distribu- 
tion, have been left in the hands of capitalists with 
nothing to control them but their ow^n selfish interests, 
actually responsible to nobody and boasting that they 
can buy up legislatures. A great journal openly 
asserts that for fifty years no question in Parliament 
has been settled or discussed on the basis of its justice 
and right, but only on that of its expediency. The 
capitalists assert their right to dictate and regulate 
the scale of wages, and to keep this down to as low a 
point as they choose, the workmen having no rights 
in the case except to submit. The vast aggregations 
of capital place the w^orkmen and the small capitalist 
at the utmost disadvantage. 

In Britain and America it is conceded that the 
people, through their chosen representatives, have a 
right to make such law^s as they like. And this right 
surely includes the right to examine and dis- 
cuss THE basis of all RIGHT AND JUSTICE. The 

people have a right to know if there is not some 
system of wealth and industry that would secure the 
m.aterial conditions of happiness for all the people, 
for every human being, and not, as at present, merely 
for a small and limited class of persons. Many mil- 



164 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

lions of working people, as well as a multitude of 
professional men, are now asking this question, and 
they will keep on asking it in louder and louder tones, 
until there is a just, a w^ise, and a practical answer. 

The basis of rights. Every person has a 
natural right to the proper conditions, development 
and use of each faculty. Rights cannot be created or 
transferred by men. 

As all human beings, of either sex and of all races, 
have the same number and kind of faculties, therefore 
all have the same great classes of personal and 
social rights. 

A man has a right to pure air, for the lungs require 
that to do their work of purifying the blood. He has 
a right to food, for the stomach needs that to make 
blood with. He has a right to w^ork, for good muscles 
can never be satisfied with idleness. 

The argument in regard to rights of the bodily 
organs applies to the brain organs with equal force. 
Man has a right to general knowledge because his 
faculty of memory requires that to use in every em- 
ployment. He has a right to science because the 
organ of reason can only be satisfied by clear explana- 
tions, and the scientific form of knowledge is always 
practical; it always tells us how to do a thing with 
success. 

Man has a right to friends, the society of his fellow 
beings, for without these he cannot use and satisfy 
his faculties of fraternal love, parental love, sex-love 
and philanthropy. By associating with others in 
organized society he gains the conditions required for 
the free exercise of his social faculties. It is not true, 
as many statesmen have taught, that "when men 



THE BROAD VISION. 165 

enter civil society they surrender certain rights or 
1 berties in exchange for other benefits which arise 
from the association." If isolated from his fellows, 
he would lose the freedom to use all of his social 
faculties, and none of his other mental powers could 
attain a full development. 

True freedom consists, first, in the pres- 
ence of the right conditions for the full and natural 
exercise of every faculty; second, in a normal internal 
state of the faculties, and third, in the absence of 
false external restraint. 

I am not free to eat unless there is some accessible 
food to be eaten. I am not free to use my eyes 
unless there is light to see with. Place a man on a 
plank far out to sea and away from any boat or ship. 
Is he free to travel, free to eat, free to enjoy society? 
Yet he is let alone; nobody interferes with him. We 
see that the mere absence of restraint is not sufficient 
to constitute a state of freedom. The positive side 
of freedom is quite as important as the negative side. 

The savage American of five centuries ago 
was not as free to travel as his wdiite successor is to- 
day. He could roam where he liked? Yes; by fair 
exertion he could walk forty miles in a day. With 
no more exertion the white man can earn ten shillings 
or three dollars and pay his fare to ride on the railway 
train three times that distance. In no direction has 
the civilized man less freedom than the savage. In 
walking through a forest or across the meadowland, 
Tecumseh or Red Jacket saw a hundred times less 
than William Hooker or Asa Gray. 

The state of harmonism, the new civiliza- 
tion, proposes a social organism in which the laws of 



166 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

man's nature are themselves the accepted laws of 
society, and where all parts of his nature are repre- 
sented. By fulfilling the duties of such a life, by act- 
ing in concert with others, by loving and being loved, 
by these alone can any person secure the full measure 
of freedom. The laws of such a society cannot re- 
strict any person's freedom, because they are true 
statements of those law^s which are a part of the nature 
of each person. The acting forces are from within 
and not from without. 

The quantity of a right may depend upon 
the degree to wiiich its faculty is developed. 
A man with a small organ of reason would have a 
right to use it in learning science, for he needs this 
kind of knowledge though he is only a plowman oj a 
digger of ditches. But he has no right to use his 
small organ of reason in trying to lead the scientific 
pursuits of others. For such leadership requires a 
full endowment of this faculty. A man with a mod- 
erate brain-organ of economy needs wealth to use as 
truly, and often as much, as the ablest financier. It 
takes as much food to nourish him, as much clothing 
to keep him warm. The beauties of art speak as 
strongly to his imagination and his heart. 

Governments derive their just powers from 
being in harmony with the nature and the wants of 
man. 

This is a widely different statement from that of 
the American Declaration of Independence. In that 
famous document the "consent of the people" is de- 
clared to be the source of the just powers of govern- 
ment. This would appear to have some truth in. it, 
if it were true that men only consent to things which 



THE QUANTITY OF A RIGHT. 167 

are right and just. But all through past history both 
men and nations have ''consented" to bad laws, 
wrong social methods, and to the rule of selfish lead- 
ers. The people may have given this consent from 
their ignorance or from their lack of moral courage to 
ask or demand what was right. They consent to a 
multitude of laws which they afterw^ard repeal and 
change. They often consent to a law or a measure 
as ''being the lesser of two evils." The}^ justify bad 
and defective laws and systems with the plea that 
"the world has never had anything better." "This 
government is the best in the world," they tell us, as 
though that were a sufficient reason why we should 
not wish for any changes in it ! 

When we accept the laws in the constitution of 
man as supreme authority in public or national life; 
when we measure present and past systems b}^ this 
high and unchanging standard, then we perceive at 
once their vast defects, and we understand why they 
failed to establish the conditions of universal happi- 
ness. The great leaders were always "looking back- 
w^ard;" the}^ were measuring everything in collective 
life or law and its results by past human experience. 
Their standard was itself imperfect. 

If scientific men are fallible like other mortals, it is 
still true that scientific knowledge is always the most 
mature, the most certain and the most safe of all that 
human beings know. It is the most free from the 
warping influences of prejudice, passion and conserva- 
tive impulses. Its proofs are always open to exam- 
ination. 

Rights of wealth. Man is normally a mem- 
ber of society and he cannot acquire extensive wealth 



168 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

unless he combines his labor with that of his fellows. 
The rights of wealth thus become common and social, 
as w^ell as personal. 

Three objects are gained through combined labors. 
First, increased power of production; second, 
economy and security in the use of wealth; third, 
facilities for making exchanges of property 

Capital is accumulated wealth, that surplus beyond 
current consumption which may be applied to increase 
or maintain production. As capital is always the 
result or product of labor, the tw^o cannot be really 
in conflict. There can be no real antagonism between 
the act which produces a thing and the thing itself. 
But the economic system of civilism has always made 
a conflict of interests between the persons whose labor 
pro duced w^ealth and another class w^ho always sought 
to appropriate the larger part of that wealth without 
doing any manual labor themselves. 

The conflict was between two classes. It has 
cached a higher degree of bitterness in our own day 
than ever before. And in our own day it w411 come 
to a final end. For the masses are studying this prob- 
lem and they w411 persist until a remedy is found and 
applied. 

Nature gives wealth only as a reward of 
labor. Wild fruits may tempt the hand of man, but 
some work must be done even to pick these. In some 
countries wild grain, wheat, or rice, or maize, may 
offer itself ready grown for sustenance. But effort, 
labor, is required to gather and preserve this grain. 
The savage who finds a nugget of gold cannot use this 
to supply himself with food, clothing or shelter. In a 
pastoral state, where men depend upon flocks and 



WEALTH AND CAPITAL. 169 

herds, some labor is still necessary. Abraham was rich 
in sheep and cattle. But he employed three hundred 
and eighteen servants to help in this shepherd work. 
He could sell sheep for Egyptian gold and get the well 
housed goldsmiths of old Egypt to make the ring and 
bracelets for Isaac's wedding pledge to Rebecca. 

Brain work counts along with muscle work as pro- 
ductive power, all the way from the cunning of the 
savage hunter to the skill of the highest civilized 
artisan. But the brain work which helps in produc- 
tion, which invents, directs or discovers, this work is 
one kind of a thing. And that brain work which 
contrives to get away with the larger share of the pro- 
duct after the labor is done, that brain work requires 
quite a different set of mental faculties. It calls into 
its constant service secrecy, aggression, fraud, fear 
and other abnormal phases of the lower faculties 
The great merchant princes, railway kings, bankers 
and brokers of our day depend upon constant mis- 
representation, tricks and deception for their success 
in dealing with the public and even with each other. 
They could not buy and sell to advantage, manipulate 
stocks, "bull and bear" the markets, or even build 
the railways, without constantly making the people 
believe things which they themselves know to be 
untrue. They call this "business tact," and when a 
whole nation deceives another it is diplomacy. Men 
who think themselves perfectly honorable, who 
would scorn to lie in other relations of life, do not 
hesitate to use these selfish deceptions in their daily 
business affairs. They feel that they must do as the 
rest do or they cannot succeed and would quickly be 
pushed to the wall. 



170 historic growth of man. 

Law of ownership. There must be col- 
lective OWNERSHIP FOR ALL THINGS OF COLLECTIVE 
USE, AND PRIVATE OWNERSHIP FOR ALL THINGS OF 
PRIVATE OR PERSONAL USE. 

This is the natural law. It bases ownership upon 
production and use. Those things which are used by 
one person alone should be owned by that person. 
This includes clothing, private rooms and many kinds 
of tools. In all these, each person has individual 
character, pecularities and tastes to gratify, and what 
is adapted to one person is not adapted to another. 

All those things which are used together by two or 
more persons should be owned by them collectivel}^ 
One person alone could not occupy and use a well- 
arranged house, and therefore should not own it. The 
144 or 260 persons who occupy a mansion in har- 
monism would own it collectively. They would have 
common rights in the parlor, dining room, class 
room, library, court and yards. But each person 
has two or three private rooms, and these are fur- 
nished; the chairs, tables, seats, walls and draperies, 
in form and color, are in harmony with that person's 
character, tastes and employment. 

The member owns these private rooms in a more 
complete sense than was ever the case in civilism. 
For he cannot be deprived of them. The town or 
the state government cannot take them away in pay- 
ment for delinquent taxes. Houses and lands are 
never taxed. That would be folly. The taxes are 
levied on surplus and movaljle wealth. But houses 
and lands are not surplus wealth ; they are needed for 
constant use. It would be as foolish to tax these as 
it would be to tax and take away the working tools 



ti 



ii 



COLLECTIVE OWNERSHIP. 171 

which a man needs for daily use. A wise govern- 
ment w^otild not wish to do such short-sighted things 
as that. It would not cut off its own hands. 

Property should mean that which is proper or 
appropriate to a person or persons. There should 
always be a fitness between the thing owned and the 
owner. 

A highway, a road, a railway or a waterway, is used 
by the w^iole public, and thc}^ should be its owners. 
A farm can only be well cultivated by a group of 
people or a society, and it should be owned by them. 
Homes, temples, workshops, factories, storehouses, 
machinery, telephones or telegraphs, lands and high- 
ways of all kinds, are all used by a common public, 
and should therefore be owned collectively. 

The city, the count}^, the state, or the nation, each 
owns property. For example, here is a street, Broad- 
way or Drury Lane, that is wholly within the city, it 
does not extend beyond it. Very well, the city then 
should own it, and the city engineer would supervise 
and keep it in repair. It would be absurd for the 
nation to own it, or to say that it owned the street. 
The national engineer could not possibly supervise all 
the streets in a hundred or a thousand cities. But he 
could supervise the comparatively few long railways 
or highways which extended through the length and 
breadth of a nation. Even this would require that 
he should have under him many groups of assistants, 
each of these having its allotted sections. 

The collective ownership of all public utilities 
^eems so natural, so just, so in harmony with all 
humane wisdom, that one may well wonder why it 
has been postponed so long. But selfishness blirds 



172 HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 

those in whom it rules as well as those who submit 
to its heartless exactions. 

The grouping of members in the new social order 
secures to each one a free choice of employment. 
Already in the new education, as sketched in the last 
chapter, the boy or girl will have been taught how to 
use each of his faculties with the greatest success or 
efficiency. The industries are so organized that the 
mental and physical labor of each member is fully 
productive and no part of it is wasted. And the 
normal law is that each member receives back the full 
product of his labor, or else receives in exchange with 
some one else, that which has cost that other person 
an equal amount of labor, or in other terms an 
equal amount of vital force. 

The amount of this force can be measured with 
sufficient exactness for practical purposes. We 
must consider that in doing any piece of work, other 
things have been involved besides the muscular force 
of the workman. The tools he used and the ma- 
terials required in the work had to be made and fur- 
nished by somebody. Even the wearing out of his 
own clotlies in w^orking is an element of cost in the 
case. The unproductive time used in his industrial 
and general education is also an element. 

By the scientific law for the conservation of forces, 
we know that each person expends and can expend 
just as mucli force as he has received, and no more. 
He may use this force unwisely, he may employ waste- 
ful methods, or lie may use it with the utmost effi- 
ciency. The hiw teaclies that man can transfer 
forces from one object to another. But he cannot 
create them. This natural law shows that where 



MEASURE FOR MEASURE. 173 

the plan of society makes these forces wholly pro- 
ductive there each member will produce as much as 
he consumes. And the normal wants of each mem- 
ber may be safel}^ made the basis for the distribution 
of the products of labor. "From each according to 
his ability; to each according to his needs." With 
such a system there is no danger that any one will 
receive more than his just share. 

Nature has worked for us already. She lias ex- 
pended constructive force in forming the wood, 
textile tissues, fuel, fruits, grains and minerals. She 
has lifted masses of water into the reservoirs of 
clouds and mountains, to be released by man to turn 
his machines of production. Man unites his forces 
with these stores of nature and thus carries his pro- 
duction of wealth far beyond the demands for pres- 
ent consumption. In many forms this surplus gives 
each succeeding generation, or even each succeeding 
year, a better vantage ground, better resources for a 
mastery of nature and of the conditions for happi- 
ness. 

Has any person a right to become rich 
from the profits on other men's labor while they 
remain poor? This is a vital question. If this right 
exists naturally, if its basis is natural law, then pov- 
erty and wealth, misery and affluence, will march 
side by side through all coming time. We must 
search this question to the very bottom. 

The whole growth of human society, the vast 
upward march of man from brutal savagism to 
humane civilization, all this was possible only 
through the specialization of labor. It was the 
division of the different employments among those 



174 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

who have the talent to excel in each special kind of 
work. Then the men of each trade must exchange 
their products with those of other trades. If one 
man makes shoes and nothing else, then the farmer 
must raise enough extra food to supply the shoe- 
maker. The farmer is dependent upon the trades- 
man, the grocer, the carpenter, the shoemaker 
and many other trades. And conversely, each 
of these is dependent upon the farmer and upon 
all the others. A vast system of mutual dependen- 
cies is thus an essential and necessary condition of 
civilization. We cannot, therefore, settle the rights 
of any class of persons without reference to the rights 
and relations of the other classes. 

Under this beneficent law of evolution we find 
that the carpenter builds as good houses for 
others as he does for his own family; the shoemaker 
makes as good shoes for other children as for his 
own, and the watchmaker offers to the public as good 
timekeepers as the one he carries in his own pocket. 
And so of every trade or employment. The whole 
community gets equal benefits from each man's 
special skill. All scientific men of our day know 
that this is a proved law of evolution. 

But there is one kind of talent or ability that 
insists upon its right to disregard, to transgress this 
basic law. The man who has financial talent, the 
ability to judge of property and its investments, this 
man claims the right to use his talent chiefly for the 
benefit of himself and his family. This talent by 
itself can produce nothing. It can only accumulate 
by using the labor of others and giving them back less 
than they produce. By employing a large number 



THE FINANCIER. 175 

of workers, the profits are sufficient to make this man 
wealthy while those who did the work remain poor. 

This financier has used his own mental force, but 
is this mental force three hundred times greater than 
that which is used by each one of his three hundred 
workmen? Science, applied to brain action, proves 
that he has exerted only a little more brain force than 
the average man of skill working for him. The 
financier has received three hundred times as much as 
each w^orkman got. Where did he get his right to 
this great excess ? He may say that it is the estab- 
lished custom among men ; they have always employed 
others for the profits on their labor. Well, if custom 
is the only basis of the right, then if workmen choose, 
they can exchange that custom and establish an 
utterly different one in its place. And they will 
make this change as soon as they once consider the 
matter. 

"But these workmen need the talent of the em- 
ployer; they could not get along without his judg- 
ment to plan, to invest and to oversee the work." 
Very well, neither could the employer get along with- 
out the trained skill and the experienced judgment 
of each worker. Is financial talent the only God-like 
and worthy thing in the world ? Is it so precious and 
so scarce that we must pay such an enormous and 
crushing price for its use ? Is selfishness more noble 
than all other virtues? 

No good or honest reason has ever been given why 
the financier's special talent should be exempt from 
the great natural law of specialization and social inter- 
dependence. We have a right to demand that he 
shall use his talent, not chiefly for his own interests. 



176 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN; 

but equally for those of the whole society. We 
would not do away with financiers, with directors for 
workmen. 

In the new social order, from the nation down to 
the town, there is a board of trustees in each band. 
This consists of one of the central officers, with 
the recorder, the costumist, sanatist, economist, 
conductor and marshal. This board has the general 
care of the collective property. These officers must 
be good financiers, good judges of property and its 
investments, else they are not fit and qualified to be 
candidates for election to these offices. Hence each 
community and the whole nation is able to avail 
itself of the best financial talent that exists. In long 
established communities, like the Shakers and the 
Economists, where millions of dollars are handled, 
the trustees have rarely made poor investments and 
the people have found no difficulty in getting the best 
men for these places. 

It has been commonly thought and said that if men 
were not allowed the chance to become rich by profit 
and speculation, then there would be no ambition, 
no enterprise and invention; everything would sink 
down to a dead level. There is no truth in such an 
idea. It is proved false by all the facts. Among the 
six thousand Shakers, where the property is all held 
in common, there have been a greater number of useful 
and practical inventions than among a similar number 
of people anywhere else in the world. Selfishness, 
the desire to gain wealth for one's self, has not been 
the inspiring motive that led to the great inventions 
and discoveries. Selfishness did not invent the steam 
engine, the printing press or the telegraph. It is true 



INSPIRING METHODS. 177 

that selfishness has used and controlled these. 
Selfishness did not inspire the hand of Michael Angelo 
or the genius of Shakespeare and Newton. 

In a state of harmonism the financier will be able 
to gratify his dominant faculty, his capacit}^ to plan, 
discriminate, direct and control vast operations; he 
will enjoy all this a great deal more than he does now. 
For he will know that the direct results of his opera- 
tions will bring happiness to a far greater number of 
human beings, and these results will bring want and 
sorrow to none. ''Will he have as much means, as 
many things, for his own personal enjoyment?" 
Yes, and much more. The huge wastefulness of the 
present wa}^ of doing things will cease; there will be 
much more for all. The greatest architects will de- 
sign the mansions ; the greatest artists will plan their 
decorations and furnishings. The financier, like the 
artist or the poet, will have the love of the whole 
people, not their envy and hatred. 

A large number of the same men who are now the 
real leaders in business affairs may still be leaders 
in the new order of things. The altruistic motives 
will take the place of selfish motives. The fierce 
struggle for advantage w^hich is needed in competition 
will give place to concert of action and interests. All 
business methods will bear the light of day. 

The current methods of business and property have 
always required that every man must have good busi- 
ness or financial talent, or else he must suffer hopeless 
poverty. What would we think now of that state of 
society where every man must be a good weaver and 
tailor or else go without clothes to his back ; where he 
must be a good shoemaker or else go barefoot ; where 



178 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

he must be a good watchmaker or go without a time- 
piece ? And so to tlie end of tlie long Hst of civihzed 
comforts and cM)mmodities. \\4 that woidd be no 
more absurd than it is now when we re(|uire that 
every man must be a good bargain driver, a good 
economist, a slu'cwd investor, or else be a poor man 
all his hfe. In all other things, except in owning and 
controlling property, we give each man the benefit of 
other people's talent. Our system now (1884) re- 
quires that the ])ro]^erty talent shall be universal. 
when we know that no otluM* kind of talent is so. 

The board of trustees, seven persons, with this kind 
of skill, are quite sutTicient to do the work for three 
Inmdrcd people. "Woidd the ])eo]^le be as free to 
choose as they are now?" \'es. they wcndd be more 
free, for their right ot" choice in all things is guaranteed 
by the laws and ])lans embodied in the very constitu- 
tion (){ the new ordcM\ And this right of choice ex- 
lends to man\- important things where even the rich- 
est men had no choice in past systems. 

If wic ALLOW that it is right for one j^erson to 
own. control and use (ov profit the labt>r and property 
used b\' otluM's, then tluM'c is no linnt to the ])(^ssible 
rapacity and seKish greed of gain. It would be per- 
fect 1\' right for one man, (m* iov a small number of men 
at the lu^ul o{ a trust, to own and control the whole 
world and use all this for sc^Kish purposes. If they 
liad cunning, sagacit\' and persistence enough, it 
would be right for tluMU to make slaves of all men, 
allowing tlu^sc nicMi enough food, c^lothing and shelter 
to keep them in a good working eonditicMi. This is a 
perfectly logical right of the long-established system 
of private ownership and profits. We have allowed 



UNIVERSAL WEALTH. 179 

the capitalist, the employer, to decide for himsel 
what are "fair wages" and "fair profits." While this 
page is being written, armed soldiers are marching 
to and fro through the streets to protect the employ- 
ers in this "right" against their workmen. 

Three things would prevent such a gigantic accu- 
mulation of wealth and power by a single man or a 
single trust. First, the selfishness of other men 
would step in and destroy them by physical force if 
need be; second, the conservative sense of the 
nations and the love of liberty might decide that it 
was "carrying things too far;" or, third, the moral 
sense of right, the ideals of human happiness which 
have long inspired the hopes of the w^orld, and the 
discovery of great social laws, will lead the large 
hearted teachers of men, and the millions of toilers, 
to institute a new system of social life, of property 
and government. 

The new thought of industrial freedom, of a nobler 
life for the working man, this thought has grown too 
large and too strong to be turned backward. It rests 
upon a law of evolution, upon forces of human growth 
more far reaching in their sweep, more tremendous in 
their slow but onward movements, than all the swell- 
ing tides of human, greed and selfish power. 

Modern wisdom has organized a system of educa- 
tion to make knowledge universal among the people. 
But knowledge is of no value unless it is used. And 
its chief application is in the varied formxS of industry. 
If it was wise to organize education, then it is equally 
wise to organize industry as the embodiment of knowl- 
edge. Shall this last be done in the interests of all 
the people, as it was in the case of education, where 



180 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

the privileges and benefits reached all classes equally ? 
Or shall industry be organized chiefly in the interests 
of a small class, the employers and capitalists, leav- 
ing the workmen to get whatever pittance of w^ages 
these masters choose to give? That is the kind of 
organized industry that the trusts and the capitalists 
of the nineteenth century propose to establish. 

You have put a book into the hands of the work- 
man and he is thinking. And he will choose for him- 
self. The cry of ''Utopian" will not frighten him. 
He asks only for justice. He will not accept 
"expediency," or "custom," or "vested rights" in 
place of it. The workmen are a majority of the 
people. In the United States and in Britain they 
have the ph3^sical and the political power to miake 
the most fundamental changes if they choose. 

More than thirty millions of people to-day 
think that our present system of ownership, or 
control of production and distribution, is grossly 
unjust and unfair to the workmen. And that neither 
the workmen nor the employer can have the true con- 
ditions of happiness while the present system con- 
tinues. 

These millions believe, with a great leader of Euro- 
pean science, "That the entire reorganization of 
human society, upon a new and purely scientific basis, 
is not only practicable, but is the only political object 
much worth winning." They believe with Draper, 
in his great work, "The Intellectual Development of 
Europe," that " Europe and America are now entering 
upon the phase of maturity. Each of the nations 
will attempt its own intellectual organization, and 
will accomplish it more or less perfectly, as certainly 



GROUPS OF INDUSTRY. 181 

as that bees will build combs and fill them with honey. 
The excellence of the result will turn altogether on the 
suitability and perfection of the means." 

In our second chapter we have shown that science 
has now found in the constitution of man, the basic 
laws of social structure and social life. That these 
laws explain clearly all the steps in the past history of 
man. And that they furnish us a perfectly clear and 
ample guide for the work of forming new institutions. 
They show how we may pass, without violence and 
without loss, into the life of a perfect social order; 
into an order so completely in harmony with the 
nature of man, that it will permit of his continuous 
growth and evolution through all coming ages. 

The system of combined industry in the new 
order opens a thousand new channels for the highest 
ambition in the fields of science, labor, culture and 
religion. And unlike the groveling lust for wealth 
and power, these higher channels lead only to the 
welfare of humanity. In every band, through all the 
seven ranks, there is a department of enterprises, of 
displays and of awards. Every person is therefore 
sure to receive, not only assistance in his undertakings, 
but the fullest measure of praise and reward for 
whatever good or great thing he may achieve. 

The primal curse of labor will be removed 
in harmonism. For manual or physical labor will be 
performed with a new spirit. It will be surrounded 
with the most attractive conditions. The worker 
will reap the fullest result of his toil. And manual 
labor will be honored as highly as brain work ever has 
been. The brain and the body will work in complete 
unison. The worker will put his spirit into the 



182 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN 

work, and labor will no longer be drudgery. When 
labor is done with the right spirit, with the soul as well 
as the body, then it will not be exhausting; we shall 
accumulate as much vital force as we expend. Four 
hours a day, on the average, for physical labor will 
be widely different in its effects from the excessive 
toils of civilism. But more than this, the laws of 
interchange between the groups, and the responses of 
these to each other, will exalt labor to the rank of the 
noblest harmonies. 

In another chapter we have already spoken of 
these responsive exchanges. They are a means by 
which the members secure a wide and systematic 
variety in their work and pleasures. They are not 
tied down to a monotonous round of unvaried toil. 
By thus calling all their faculties into activity they 
prevent that partial development of personal charac- 
ter which would result from using a few faculties 
incessantly in one vocation. 

The members of society make temporary ex- 
changes of employment or of position with those who 
are their thirds, fifths or octaves. For example, those 
in the department of food-culture may exchange with 
those who are in the department of luxuries; those in 
the groups of wealth may exchange with those in the 
groups of rulership. The mind is rested and har- 
monized by passing from the work or amusements of 
the groups of art to those in the group of science, or 
from those in the group of familism to those of 
religion, or from those of letters to those of culture. 
Such exchanges and harmonies were not possible in 
any of the societies of civilism. 

Systems of money. How shall we effect the 



WAGES AND MONEY. 183 

exchange of products; how shall we secure to every 
man the full results of his labor ? 

The answer must be very different in the new 
order from what it could have been in the old. First, 
we know that every person has done his share. With 
the new system of integral culture we know that there 
is no "unskilled" labor. With universal employ- 
ment there is no idler, no non-producer. We know 
that every one over seven years of age has produced 
more than enough for the three primal wants of food, 
clothing and shelter and these of the best cjuality. 
Therefore we are perfectly safe in securing and 
assuring these to each member. We know that the 
average cost of these is practically the same, no 
matter how much the individual tastes and work may 
differ. With everything organized, it is an easy 
thing to know what is the average cost of living at any 
time. 

Shall we keep a careful account of what labor each 
person has done and for all above the cost of these 
necessities, pay them in money or some equivalent? 
In that case the money must be issued by the national 
government so that it will pass anywhere. The 
money must not be gold, for that is subject to far 
greater fluctuations in the quantity produced than is 
the case with most commodities. We need a less 
variable standard. We can take as a unit one hour 
of labor, a Stad, or for the smallest unit, a Stod, or 
five minutes of labor. The money would consist of 
labor notes, representing so many of these units. 
The money must be equal in volume to the necessities 
of exchange. This money could be used to buy all 
salable things. 



184 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

No INTEREST OR USURY could have any- 
place in the new order. No person would need to 
borrow any money. A man wishes to travel, but as 
the highways have been built and are maintained by 
surplus public v/ealth, they belong to all alike, and 
there are no railway or steamship fares. Besides all 
that, in harmonism we know that man is a social 
being, that distant communities need to be linked by 
the ties of friendship and that an intelligent person 
is improved by travel. When the man returns, he 
will be a more valuable member of society than 
before. What about hotel bills? In the new order 
they have very few hotels. In every mansion, in 
every band, there is a department of receptions and 
tlie receptor with his assistants is there to receive, 
assist and entertain guests. Hotels might be required 
in case of conventions and great gatherings of visitors. 

In the human body, if any organ demands more 
blood than its normal functions require, then we know 
that the organ is diseased, that something is the mat- 
ter and it needs attention. And so in the social organ- 
ism A member might be extravagant or foolish in 
his demands, but in that case he has not been wel 
educated or else not well born. And society itself is 
at fault. It has not furnished good conditions. 

We have left out of our estimate the precious stones, 
because the cost or price of these has been almost 
wholly fictitious, bearing no proportion to their 
actual beauty and value. The larger stones would 
become the property of the general public, so that all 
could enjoy them. 

When the new order is completely established we 
shall do away with the use of money, for we shall all 



COMPENSATION. 185 

understand the spiritual laws well enough to know 
the actual wants, mental or physical, of every mem- 
ber; and these wants will be made the basis of dis- 
tribution. Will not some members be ashamed to 
make known their wants? They will not. For they 
w411 know that their right to do so is a fundamental 
law and provision of society. They will no m.ore be 
ashamed than they are nov/ to use the money they get 
as w^ages. 

Perhaps the mass of Christians believe, as they say, 
that human beings are too selfish to live in such a 
state of society as we have described, yet they think 
that they are fit to go to heaven. Do they think that 
heaven is a place where Selfishness sits enthroned as 
supreme director of affairs? Are they sincere in 
praying for "God's will to be done on earth as it is in 
heaven?" 

If we are told that "the fundamental cause of 
social want and misery is human sin and depravity, 
we shall answer 'yes.' " And the human sins that 
are most fiercely and sternly denounced in the Bible, 
from Isaiah down to Christ and James and John, are 
the oppression of the poor, the burden of taxes, the 
devouring of widows' houses, the greed of riches and 
the pride of wealth. It is the rich man who cannot 
enter the kingdom of God; it is "the rich men, the 
rulers, the mighty men, who will call on the rocks to 
hide them from the wrath of the Lamb." If Chris- 
tians profess to believe the words of Christ, they must 
be judged by these words. 

Compensation. If the various governments, 
municipal, state or national, assume collective owner- 
ship of all public utilities, then we are asked how are 



186 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN, 

the capitalists, the great private owners of the 
present, to be compensated, how paid for all this 
property? In answer to this it may well be asked, 
*'Who is to pay the people themselves for what the 
capitalist system has taken from them and their 
ancestors through the long centuries, the light and 
joy of life, libert}^ and happiness which that system 
has shut off for a hundred generations?" ''The 
people are but reclaiming their own heritage, and the 
work of their own hands kept back from them by 
fraud, artifice and force." 

The capitalists obtained it by methods which left 
the producers to suffer. It will be taken back by 
methods which will secure to the capitalists all the 
good things that anyone else has in the nation. The 
people have already paid three or four times over for 
the great railway lines of the United States. "What 
about inherited wealth?" An inherited disease is 
not health ; an inherited wrong is not thereby changed 
to a right. 

The people are often told that "the working 
classes are better off now than they were sixty years 
ago." But they are not as well off in proportion to 
what their labor produces. The great mass of the 
wealth goes into fewer and fewer hands. In the 
United States it becomes more and more difficult to 
get employment. The people were not "well" off 
sixty years ago, and you cannot have a "better" 
without a "well." 

The rich, on an average, are not more selfish than 
the workers. The majority of them have gone into 
wealth-getting without a thought that there was any- 
thing wrong about it. The system of wages and 



SURVIVAL OF THE BEST. 187 

profits, the big fish eating the Httle ones, this was 
approved by ages of use. Almost any one of these 
workmen would get rich out of others' labor if he had 
a chance. It was easy not to see the inherent badness 
of the system which heaped up wealth for the few to 
spend, while the many moiled in the narrowness of 
poverty. 

In the nineteenth century it was quite the thing for 
a man to amass great wealth and then give large sums 
to found colleges or public libraries or in large chari- 
ties. In this way these men persuaded themselves, 
and the public as well, that they were benevolent and 
large hearted. But the wealth thus used did not go 
back to those men whose hard labor had been the 
chief thing in its production. Oh, no indeed. It did 
help to blind the public to the vicious defects of the 
whole system of ownership, a system that forever 
leaves the toiler defeated in the struggle for existence. 
The sociologist might seek to comfort him with the 
idea that it w^as nature's law, ''the survival of the 
fittest." But that pitiless law does not mean "the 
survival of the best." It does mean the triumph and 
survival of narrow selfishness, of faculties wdiich mark 
the beast but not the god in man. It means a 
practical denial of hum.an brotherhood. It means at 
once a denial and a perversion of the great law of 
mutual dependence which binds all parts of the 
social organism together, so that you cannot injure 
one part without also injuring the other parts; that 
law of the division of labor which has made civiliza- 
tion itself possible, v/ith all its wealth of resources. 

That law of mutual, responsive life, deep-rooted in 
the geologic ages, will at last assert its full power. 



188 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

At last Justice, Love and Wisdom will sit triumphant 
in the halls of state. 

Organized industries must, of necessity, in- 
clude all of the twelve departments. In looking 
at the tables we see that some form of labor belongs to 
each one of these. We name a single department as 
that of Industry, giving names to the others that may 
indicate their chief employments. The laws of Pro- 
duction apply to them all. The department of 
Letters produces books and newspapers; that of the 
Home produces food. So long as human beings have 
all of the twelve groups of faculties, just so long will 
they need all of these twelve departments. 

Can we organize Production and Distribution, 
Collective Ownershp and Universal employment 
without arranging these other departments, leaving 
them for the spontaneous action of the people at 
some time in the near future? Can we not put a 
single issue before the public, a simple platform that 
only includes the Economic demands, as the pressing 
needs of the present ? The decisive answer to this is 
easily made. A true system of Economics, the pro- 
duction and use of commodities, requires work which 
properly belongs to every one of these twelve departments. 
And it cannot be done with the present machinery of 
government, in either Britain or America. 

Suppose for a moment that a socialist party 
could come into power. It would stand face to face 
with all of these problems ; it must deal with them or 
ignore them. To ignore them would be to confess 
itself impotent before living issues. 

It would need to reorganize the national post- 
office department so that it would include the 



THE LIVING ISSUES. 189 

telegraph, telephone and messenger sub-departments. 
For these are now to be under government control. 
They would need to rebuild or change the interior 
arrangement of ever}^ post-office in the United States. 
Each would need new officers, familiar with these two 
new kinds of work. 

In harmonism we have placed these as part of the 
department of religion, w^ith the courier at their head. 
They are used to unite the thoughts and feelings of the 
people throughout states and nations; but the respon- 
sive unity of thought and feeling is an essential part 
of true religion. We cannot ignore universal wants. 

The socialists would need to reorganize the navy 
department, for now it only includes war vessels and 
not those engaged in commerce. They would need 
to make over the department of agriculture; now it 
is merely nominal and has no provisions for super- 
vising the agriculture of the nation. 

And so of each of the few departments now in the 
national government. Each must be remodeled and 
new ones added. To nationalize the system of schools 
would save many millions of dollars annually. In the 
fifth chapter w^e have proved that the fundamental 
plan of our schools must be changed or they cannot be 
adapted to a true education, such as must exist in a 
new social order. 

We believe that it is the part of practical wisdom 
to know beforehand what changes are needed in the 
social structure and to set these honest!}^ and fairly 
before the people. The task of reconstruction will 
be great and far reaching in its results. But it is not 
difficult to understand and to accomplish. 

The people are now accustomed to a complex social 



190 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

system, one that has many kinds of institutions, with 
a multitude of officers. If they are capable of under- 
standing and using all these, then they will surely 
find no difficulty in understanding and in using the 
far simpler plan which we propose in harmonism, 
with its far less number of officers. The new social 
order ffils a greater variety of functions, but with less 
than one-tenth of the social or pohtical machinery 
which was required in the old. 

The German socialists, Marx and Lasalle, had 
no natural standard to measure by, no light to 
guide them but the ffickering lamp of human experi- 
ence. It seemed to them, as expressed by a recent 
writer, "That life itself and everything that mean- 
while makes life worth living, from the satisfaction 
of the most primary physical needs to the gratification 
of the most refined tastes, all that belongs to the de- 
velopment of mind as well as body, depends, first, last 
and always on the manner in which the production 
and distribution of wealth is regulated." 

And so, these men thought, the whole list of prob- 
lems in sociology resolve themselves into economics. 
" Give men universal employment, with the full prod- 
ucts of their labor, owning all they use and produce, 
and free to make or unmake their own laws, then they 
will of themselves go on and develop the higher quali- 
ties in personal and social life; they will establish all 
necessary conditions of happiness." 

But this thought and this hope is opposed to all 
human experience and to science as well. It is not 
true that people who have had the most wealth and 
the most leisure have made the best use of it, or even a 
good use of it. It depends immensely more upon 



THE WHOLE LOAF. 191 

whether the institutions, the social machinery, t 
customs and motives of society, tend in the right 
direction ; whether these favor the higher or the lower 
uses of property. A large part, nine-tenths of all we 
think and do, has some reference to our fellow beings; 
is more or less social in its character and its results. 
The production and the use of wealth involves social 
methods, social institutions. The manner in Vv^hich 
we use our wealth assumes quite as great importance 
as its production and distribution We can make a 
good or a bad use of it. 

Is it a good use to waste $100,000,000 a year in a 
poor system of education when we could save this 
with a good and a natural system? It is not even 
good economics. Is it a good use to waste billions a 
year because of the bad plans of all our cities and 
villages, when we could save this by adopting the 
rational plan for them ? Is it good economics or good 
morals to let half of our children die before they are 
ten years old, before they can take an active part in 
the joys and the work of life, when all physiologists 
tell us that we could save this wholesale slaughter 
of the innocents by having departments, like that 
of familism, for their suitable care and protection ? 
Already, in small communities like that at Oneida, 
they have proved this by many years of actual ex- 
periment. Is it wise, or even good economics, not to 
organize the departments of sanitation, when the 
greatest of medical men assure us that by these we 
could forever banish cholera, plague, small-pox, 
measles, la grippe and all the foul hosts of epidemic 
curses ? 

It is not worth while to make fundamental 



192 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

changes in government and institutions unless we 
have manhood, courage and wisdom enough to 
embody in these institutions the best scientific knowl- 
edge that man now possesses. It will cost no more 
to do this; it will require no more time, no more 
wealth, than it will to make the partial, economic 
changes which many socialists propose. 

The present writer is not a novice, just opening his 
eyes to the need of social changes. He has given 
fifty years of an active life to a study of these social 
problems. Through history, through science and 
through personal observation in many countries, he 
has sought to examine these questions from every 
possible side. It was not until (in 1859) he had read 
more than forty books on social science and reforms, 
that he found why these many writers had all missed 
the source of an exact social science. They had failed 
to see that the source of all man's conscious social 
wants is in the mental faculties; that these organs 
of the brain are the acting forces that directly produce 
all social phenomena, all functions in society. To 
satisfy these wants men organize institutions and 
choose officers. It was an easy step from this to see 
that all these faculties and therefore wants must be 
represented by officers and departments in a complete 
social organism. So far in history, guided by his- 
tory, experience or instinct, men had only repre- 
sented the lower half of the faculties. 

As each faculty produces its own class of wants, 
we should know with exactness the number of the 
faculties. The writer thought it worth while to 
spend three years in their careful analysis and classi- 
fication. Even the matter of architecture took three 



CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY. 193 

years of special study. The universal language has 
taken five solid years of work. If the present book 
is late in its appearance, the reader may rest assured 
that its positive style of statement is justified by a long 
and conscientious study of each subject introduced. 
Great Captains of Industry will not be difficult 
to find when the time comes to call for them. In 
both Europe and America many large-hearted men 
of wealth, who employ hundreds or thousands of 
workmen, have already learned through a generous 
experience to see the safety as well as the wisdom 
of unselfishness. These employers have spent mil- 
lions of dollars of their profits in furnishing attract- 
ive houses for the workmen, with good sanitary 
conditions, large gardens, reading rooms, swimming 
pools, entertainment halls, open air theaters and 
recreation grounds. They have made these as 
actual gifts or of easy purchase by the workmen, 
giving them back some of the fair profits of their own 
work. The employers have not done all this noble 
work because the civil law or the church required it 
of them. They have been prompted by their own 
sense of right, of humanity and natural justice, to 
make these great changes in the conditions of their 
workers. They have felt that the workers have 
helped to create their wealth and are entitled to 
share in the resulting prosperity. Not such pros- 
perity as politicians love to talk about, such as is 
shown by ''full dinner pails. " Instead of that these 
workers enjoy the pleasure of large, well-kept dining 
halls with warm, well-cooked and well-served meals, 
at actual cost prices. And in their own charming 
homes these workmeji eat breakfasts and suppers 



194 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

prepared from the best of food, purchased at whole- 
sale prices, by their own purveyors. 

When the glad time comes for a full establishment 
of the higher social order, the workmen will turn for 
financial leaders to such men as William H. Lever 
and brother, of Birkenhead; the Cadburys, of Bourn- 
ville, and the Krupps, of Germany. In the United 
States they will turn to such leaders as we find at the 
Briercliff Farms of Westchester, the Westinghouse 
Company at Wilmerding, the Heintz Company of 
Pittsburg, at Hopedale, Mass., and Ivorydale, Ohio; 
to Gov. Pingree, of Michigan; Mayor Jones, of 
Toledo, and others who have shown that large hearts 
can beat beneath sound financial heads and that the 
selfish system of ownership, so old in history, has 
not burned out all humane impulses from those who 
are capable of leading men in the practical works of 
Hfe. We shall not lack for unselfish financiers. 

On a following page we have summarized the im- 
perative demands of the present time under the head 
of "The Twelve Foundations." These may serve as 
a working platform for a political party worthy to 
represent the normal evolution of our race. The 
planks of this platform make up a consistent whole. 
These objects can all be attained together more easily 
than if separated. 

On the next page we have briefly given the tran- 
sition forms by which to bring about the new social 
order. These simpler bands will have twelve officers 
snstead of thirty-six. They will, however, have the 
iame twelve departments, as j-hown in the tables. 
This simplifies the work of transition. 



FRATERNAL BANDS. 



195 



The frater- 
nal bands 
are schools of 
culture for the 
new social order. 
Each individual 
band is graded 
in three parts. 

First, and 

lowest is the 

Pearl Band for 

children up to 

the twelfth year. Next is the Culture 

Band for youths from twelve to 

twenty-one. Then the Harmonic Band 

for the adults. 

The Pearl Band is led by the 
sanatist and the Culture Band by 
the conductor. These two bands form the Sunday 
School, holding an hour's session each Sunday. The 
Culture Bands hold two sessions a week, Sunday and 
Thursday evenings. 

As fraternal bands these will take the place of 
all existing fraternal or secret orders, by having a 
richer and more interesting symbolism; by being 
valuable schools of culture and study, and by a 
better assurance against want or lack of employ- 
ment, and for care in case of sickness. 

These bands will form the nucleus of the new 
social organism, each band having only to add the 
remaining officers to its list in order to be ready for 
the full work of practical life. 




196 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

A band may commence with only seven officers. 
These are the center, or president; the pastor, 
recorder, costumist, sanatist, conductor and econo- 
mist. These seven form the Board of Trustees and 
Directors. But it is best to have the tw^elve officers, 
one for each department, as shown below in the 
table. The officers are in pairs, the first male and 
the second female. The center may be of either 
sex, except in the national and unational bands. 

The times of election are given in the second 
chapter. These fraternal bands are in seven ranks, 
the culture bands, primary bands, the city, county, 
state, nation and internation, or unation. 

Center or President — Presiding, supervision 
and unity. 

Religion. Pastor — Rites, relief and messages. 

Marriage. Matron — Grouping, marriages, hered- 
ity. 

Learning. Recorder — Records, music, publishing. 

Arts. Costumist — Designs, costume, decorations. 

Culture. Receptor — Receptions, reform, the 
drama. 

Science. Seeress — Social science, esthetics, in- 
ventions. 

Familism. Conductor — Schools, children, festivals. 

The Ho. me. Sanatist — Health, house and tem- 
perance. 

Industry. Justice — Employment, judgment, 
equity. 

RuLERSHiP. Elector — Elections, training, displays. 

Commerce. Engineer — Travel, buildings, work. 

Wealth. Economist — Stores, expenses, exchanges. 



THE TWELVE FOUNDATIONS. 197 

THE TWELVE FOUNDATIOxNS. 

1st. The constitution must be based on the collective 
wants of man, with these represented in the twelve depart- 
ments of the home, the arts, letters, science, culture, marriage, 
religion, familism, rtdership, industry, wealth and commerce. 

2d. Artistic homes for all, public sanitation and syste- 
matic earth culture. 

3d. Social events and dates, such as elections, installations, 
etc., must be in unity with the natural periods of years, 
months and cycles. 

4th. The officers and work of society must be dual or 
allotted equally and properly to the two sexes. Marriage 
laws must be national and thus uniform, and marriage be 
based upon love and adaptation. 

5th. Science as the measure of truth, its universal diffu- 
sion, w^ith the promotion and protection of scientific discover- 
ies and inventions. 

6th. The grouping of members in departments and work 
must give each one a free choice according to characters, 
tastes and capacities. 

7th. Equity, unity and peace between all nations. 
Religion as the responsive unity of all life, with its laws in 
the nature of man, and proved by the methods of science. 

8th. The schools must include the systematic daily 
culture of all the mental faculties, through appropriate 
studies, plays and labors; and there must be a true care and 
providence for children. 

9th. Organized industries and universal employment, 
securing to all persons the full average results of their labor, 
with assurance against accident and want. 

10th. Collective ownership by the people of all public 
utilities, of all things of collective use, and private ownership 
only for things of private or personal vise. 

11th. The establishment of highways and commerce, the 
distribution and exchange of all products, to be based upon 
actual wants, present or prospective, throughotit the nation. 

12th. All officers must be elected, or impeached and 
deposed by a direct and free vote of those they are to ofBcially 
represent. All laws, public measures and inventions to be 
adopted by a vote of the people through a referendum. 



Science and Religion 



CHAPTER SEVENTH. 



SCIENCE AND RELIGION. 







A MIGHTY 
WAVE OF 
PROPHECY 

swept along 
the belt of 
civiliza t i o n 
six centuries 
before the 
Christian era. It 
reached from Europe 
far eastward to the 
Celestial Empire. It 
crystallized in the 
noble poetry and art 
of Greece; it glowed 
in the great Messianic 
visions of Isaiah; it 
turned that Wheel of 
the Law with which 
Gautama sought to 
elevate the masses of 
Hindostan and it thrilled the dull heart of China 
through the voice of Confucius before it finally broke 
on the shores of the Yellow Sea. Yet that great 
w^ave came and passed without fertilizing civilization 
so that it could bring forth the promised fruits of 
universal happiness. 

201 




'202 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

Inspiration, standing alone, is not sufficient to 
guide man. It requires Science to interpret its 
symbols, to formulate its laws and to show their 
practical connection with the material things of earth, 
and science has needed long centuries for its develop- 
ment up to that point where it could deal with 
spiritual laws and their physical embodiments. It 
was not until our own day, until the nineteenth cen- 
tury, that it became possible to study religion in 
connection with the laws of man's constitution, laws 
of the brain and the body. And that study has placed 
the whole subject of religion in a new and practical 
light. 

In the first advent of modern science, many of its 
leaders tried to do negative work; tried to destroy 
ancient beliefs by reducing them all to primitive 
myths or the vain dreams of savages. Yet these 
same scientific men knew so little of the inner ma- 
chinery of mental life that they could not for the Hfe 
of them explain wherein a dream differed from a 
waking experience, or how the will, through the 
brain, did so much as lift the little finger ! 

The business of science is to explain, not to reason 
things out of existence; its work is constructive, not 
destructive. 

We know through science that rehgion is connected 
with a definite part of the brain, at the middle of the 
top-head, as shown in the various charts. The great 
bundle of fibers reaches down from this and enters 
both of the brain centers, the motus and the sensus. 
Here in tliese centers the currents of nerve-force 
from the rehgious faculties meet and mingle with the 
currents which have come from reason, ^ science, 



SCIENCE AND RELIGION. 



203 



memory, art, appetite, commerce, rulership and all 
parts of the brain. And the returning currents carry 
all these varied forces back to religion. It follows as 
a necessary law of the brain that all of these faculties 
are affected by those of religion and that in turn 
religion is affected by all of them. 

We therefore have no right to sunder the interests 
of religion from the other interests and work of 
society. We would violate a fundamental law of 
nature in doing that. The German socialists would 
separate religion, would have the general government 
not meddle with or touch it in any way. To prove 
their position, right, they must show that rulership in 
the brain is not connected with the religious faculties. 
The church, both Catholic and Protestant, has long 
taught that reason and science cannot deal with the 
questions of religion. If this is true, then God made 
a mistake when he connected these in every human 
brain. If we adopt honest meth- 
ods we can reason as successfully 
about the problems of religion as 
we can about those of food or of 
art, of commerce or governmetit 
or any other questions that con- 
cern our life. In taking the ground 
it did, the church opposed not 
only positive science, but also the 

clear and direct language of the 

trnf^' Bible. 

Religion is the keystone in the royal arch 

of the brain. It is located at the upper end of the 

minor axis, the great balancing line for all of the 

faculties. The major and the minor axis are the two 




204 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

great lines that govern the movements, the action of 
all the faculties. By its very position, therefore, 
religion must be the harmonizing force for all the rest. 
And from this position we have a right to assert that 
religion includes all those general laws of responsive 
harmony which unite living, conscious beings w4th 
each other. 

A UNIVERSAL RELIGION must cxpTcss Universal 
truths. It must completely express as well as pro- 
vide for the spiritual wants of man. By whatever 
name we may call our soul, or the spiritual, in- 
ternal life, we must see that it is the formative and 
acting force wdthin every organ, every part, every 
tissue of both brain and body. Hence our spiritual 
wants must pertain to every faculty and organ. 

The forces of life act from within outward. In 
the living body " each outward shape has been accur- 
ately molded upon an interior shape which gives its 
life, its explanation; and this interior spirit must 
have a shape or form in order to create form and 
sustain form." It cannot give, what it does not 
possess. 

If spirit has form, then it also has space, for we can- 
not conceive of form without space. 
For example, consider a very simple 
form, a triangle. It is bounded by the 
lines A, B, D. If we move the line B 
over to .4 so that there is no space be- 
tween them, then the triangle, the 
shape, will itself disappear. Take an- 
other example in the circle. Suppose 
that there were no distance or space 
between the circumference, CIR, and 




RELIGION THE KEYSTONE. 205 

the center at D, or between the side at SI and that 
at Ot. What would become of the circle ? It would 
not exist. While space and form are not the same 
thing, yet they must always co-exist; we cannot have 
one without the other. Therefore, if the soul or spirit 
has a form, it also has space; or as the past phi- 
losopher? would vrord it, "the soul occupies space." 
But these philosophers were so loose in their think- 
ing that they imagined that the soul has no space- 
relations at all. 

These men believed that the soul can think and feel 
and exercise volition. Admitting this evident truth, 
let us consider a case. I think that the upper figure 
on page 183 is a triangle and that the lower one is a 
circle. The difference between the two is a difference 
of form. Now wdiat is the difference in my thought 
of one and my thought of the other ? Do not the two 
thoughts differ in their shape, just as the figures 
themselves differ ? If not, then in wdiat way is my 
mind able to distinguish the difference between them ? 
Suppose that I think of two circles wdiich are of the 
same size, but one of them is red and the other is green. 
Now my thought of one must differ in color from my 
thought of the other. If in this case my thoughts 
have no color, then how can my mind knoTv the dif- 
ference between the two ? 

If we think at all we must see from these facts that 
our thoughts can have form and space and color. 
They are not intangible and shapeless nothings, 
as some people believe. 

Through our physical senses we perceive a material 
world full of objects with varied properties. In like 
manner the spiritual senses of man have perceived a 



206 HISTORIC GROWTH OP MAN. 

vast range of spiritual phenomena, and this has been 
true in all ages of the world. On the basis of physical 
sensations and experiences men have built up the 
many divisions of scientific knowledge. And this 
knowledge has proved a safe guide in the many-sided 
practical work of civilization. When we try to draw 
a circle, it does not turn out to be a square; and when 
we essay to make a pocket-knife it does not turn out 
as a plow. 

If the physical senses have thus proved themselves 
to be so reliable, why not apply the same exact 
methods of science to the world of spiritual experi- 
ences? Why f should we assume in advance that 
these methods will not apply to the higher, the 
inner life? All through the ages men have seen 
spirtual beings who possessed forms and who could 
move through space. Why should we imagine that 
the laws of form and space do not apply to these 
beings ? 

For much more than half a century now the world 
has had ample scientific proof that each of the varied 
attributes or faculties of our spiritual Hfe is expressed 
through a definite part of the brain and the body. 
If the brain is the crowning instrument of the mind, 
still we know that from the brain a million nerve- 
fibers, living telephonic wires, extend downward to 
all the various parts of the body, bringing all of these 
into a responsive unity. 

The functions of the religious faculties in the brain 
can be studied quite as well as we study those of 
perception or of reason. In various charts of this 
book we see that the fibers of religion point directly 
upward, that is, as far away from the earth as possible. 



I 



SPIRITUAL AND PHYSICAL. 207 

They must therefore relate us to hfe and forces out- 
side of this earth. But this upward hne is directly 
dependent upon the downward line which forms the 
remainder of the minor axis, as shown in the chart 
of cardinal points. And the minor axis is polarized 
and balanced by the major axis, crossing it at right 
angles. These two great lines dominate all other 
lines of action in the brain and body. This law 
throw^s a flood of light upon the practical work of 
religion. At every point religion has its inner and its 
outer side, its physical as well as its spiritual phase. 

The senses of hunger, taste and smell, of touch, heat 
and auras, are at the lower end of the minor axis. 
There can be no perfect action of the religious facul- 
ties unless these senses are satisfied. And what do 
these dem^and ? It is not enough that we merely have 
food, clothing and shelter. They require dwellings 
that shall be ample, artistic, convenient and adapted 
to the broad requirements of harmonic life. These 
homes must be secure from alienation. The senses 
require a true system of sanitation, national and 
domestic, so that all epidemic diseases will be impos- 
sible and universal health will be established. The 
senses demand a normal and systematic culture of the 
earth, one that shall modify its climates, produce an 
ample food supply, and sustain the fertility of all 
lands. 

In shameful contrast to all these normal wants 
we find that for many centuries the Brahminic, the 
Buddhist and the Christian religions have taught 
that the work of religion could be perfectly done, its 
best spiritual gifts could be enjoyed, and its highest 
culture could be attained, without any of these con- 



208 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

ditions. In this thing the rehgious teachers have 
directly opposed the highest truths of both science 
and inspiration. Not one of these rehgions will take 
practical steps to remove the dark curses of poverty 
and disease. 

At the front end of the major axis are the faculties 
of learning and science; and at the back end of this 
line are those of liberty, ecjuality and industry. Tlie 
upright minor axis, with religion at its crown, cannot 
maintain its unity, its power for good, unless this 
horizontal line also acts in a full and normal manner. 
This requires that both knowledge and industry shall 
be organized in the interest of all the people. Instead 
of this, the Christian church has taught that ignorance 
is no bar to a perfect spiritual life and that science is 
either opposed to religion or else has nothing to do 
with religious truths, while an industrial condition in 
which the workers are actual or practical slaves need 
not lessen the enjoyment of the best spiritual bless- 
ings. 

The great lines of force in the human brain are fixed 
by the eternal laws of geometry. These lines are sus- 
tained by the very form and attachment of the mus- 
cles in the human frame. More than this, we know 
that these same laws of the ellipse extend from the 
lowly forms of life up through man to the sublime 
mechanism of the heavens. The radiant paths of 
thought and feeling in the brain follow the same laws 
that mark the orbits of planets and stars in the vast 
realms of space. The basic laws of religion are not 
confined to tlie great pulsations of spiritual life, for 
they are embodied in the very framework of the 
universe. 



FROM MOTE TO STAR. 209 

It is the glory of modern science that it does more 
than to give us an inward consciousness of the vast 
unit}^ of things. For by giving us a definite knowl- 
edge of laws, the science of our day places in our hands 
the power to create those harmonies of life that shall 
fill the measure of human aspirations. 

The modern attempts to prove that morality is not 
a part of religion have been false to both history and 
philosophy. For history shows that every great 
religion has included a S3^stemi of morality, it has dealt 
with the relations of man to man. And philosophy 
agrees with inspiration in teaching that our fellow 
beings have souls as well as ourselves, and that the 
relations of parent and child, of man and wife, of 
neighbor and friend, all serve to illustrate our proper 
relations to spiritual beings above and around us. 

Religion is essentially social and not individual. 
For it always expresses the reciprocal relations of 
one living being to others. To say that religion is 
or should be a private affair is to mistake its very 
nature. We are related to our fellow beings; we act 
upon them through every faculty. The true con- 
stitution of society, with all of its institutions, thus 
becomes the greatest question of religion. The 
prophets of Israel were right in making religion a con- 
stituent part in a kingdom or state of universal right- 
eousness. The Bible salvation was collective; it 
aimed at saving communities and nations, as all of its 
great promises clearly show. The full life of man is 
collective ; it is always connected with the life of his 
fellows. The isolated monk in his narrow cell 
imagined that he was religious. But his experience 
was morbid ; it was far from being healthy and normal. 



210 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

To starve and mortify the body does not enrich and 
beautify the soul. Body Hfe and soul life are inter- 
linked at every point. To injure one is to hurt the 
other. The best body is the best instrument for soul 
expression. 

Since the time of Aristotle the men of science have 
sought to find those laws w^hich bind together in one 
connected chain the long series of animals and plants. 
These men have found that one system of laws ex- 
tends all the way up the scale, from the simple ameba 
without any special organs up to man with all his 
complex powers. If beings exist of still higher rank 
than man, the laws of their existence are still the 
same as those which are in his constitution. Man is 
still incomplete, when measured by the standard of the 
laws in his own nature. In those higher beings these 
laws have their full expression. If we know these 
laws as they are in man, then we can understand them 
in beings still higher. There is neither good science 
nor good logic in speaking of the higher existences as 
"incomprehensible" or ''unknowable." 

The coming religion must state clearly the spir- 
itual laws in the constitution of man. If it does 
this, it will clear up the mysteries of the Bible. As 
one example, that book asserts that man was made 
in the image and likeness of God. We know that if 
a small machine be made in the form of a large one, 
then the small one wall be governed by exactly the 
same mechanical laws. We therefore know that if 
man is in the image of God, then the laws of his con- 
stitution are the same, allowing for difference of per 
fection and greatness. 

It follows that if we understand man we shall also 



THE COMING RELIGION; 



211 



understand Jehovah. And if man obeys fully the 
laws of his own being, then he will be in harmony with 
the Divine Being. The Bible not only implies but 
asserts this. Moses tells the Israelites that the 
authority for his code of laws was wathin their hearts. 
And in Jeremiah we are told b}^ Jehovah that the 
system of laws, the TORAH, under the Messiah 
should be ''written 
in their inner 
parts," or, as we 
would now express 
it, in the constitu- 
tion of man. If 
this declaration be 
true, then we have 
already in the 
present book 
described the 
Kingdom of the 
Messiah, the con- 
stitution under 
which he will 
reign. 

We mean here to 
assert that if the 
Bible account is 
true, then the Divine mind has just the same number 
of faculties that we find in the mind of man. The 
divine faculties are arranged in the same order, on 
the same plan, and their laws of action are just the 
same as in the human mind. There is no more mys- 
tery about one than about the other. The Bible does 
not say that God is infinite and therefore beyond the 




When laid on the head, the North 
temperate Zone corresponds to those 
brain faculties which have made man 
a civilized beino: 



212 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

reach of our understanding. We know that the so- 
called wise men have said so, but the/ argued from 
false premises to worthless and blind conclusions. 

In many directions men have foand truths or laws 
which appear to be universal, laws which appear to 
apply to all objects ever}- where. Such are the law\s 
of number, space and form in mathematics. Twelve 
angels would be three times as many as four angels, 
just as twelve oranges would be three times as many 
as four oranges. It is the soul of man that recognizes 
and considers these truths. The search for universal 
truths is the proper business of philosophy. And 
surely the soul is doing a bad piece of work when m 
searching for truth it tries to reason itself out of ex- 
istence. 

A true religion will only require us to obey laws 
which are within our own natures. The authority is 
internal, not external. The laws are not imposed 
upon us by a superior being. And these laws cannot 
abridge or interfere w4th our personal freedom. 

If we have twelve groups of faculties, as science has 
proved, it follows that a universal religion must be 
twelve-fold. It must deal w4th all these; it must 
harmonize these tw^elve-fold relations. It is self- 
evident that each group of faculties must have its 
own special laws. Thus the laws of reasoning are not 
just the same as the laws of memory; those of percep- 
tion are not the same as those of ambition. Each of 
these laws has both a spiritual and a physical side, 
both internal and external relations. 

Along with this enlarged scope of religion our 
modern science gives us such means for research and 
proof that all persons can understand these vital 



THE MORAL LAW. 



213 



truths in the same manner. This will bring to an 
end the long series of religious sects, of bitter antago- 
nisms and savage persecutions which have darkened 
the pages of religious history. Men will come to agree 
upon one religion as they agree on one system of 
arithmetic or any other branch of knowledge. Re- 
ligion must advance, as other branches of knowledge 
have done, toward more and more definite ideas, 
toward more and more practical forms for expression. 

The universal religion will ex- 
press itself throhgh symbols to a 
greater extent than any form of 
religion in past tinies. But with 
this great difference. That these 
symbols, and ceremonies as well, 
will all be in full harmony with 
those laws- of universal analogy 
'-•^" which are the real basis of all 

figures of speech, of all symbolism and metaphors. 
With a clear laws of analogy we shall be in no 
danger of losing the soul of things through attention 
to its external forms. We shall always feel the 
radiant inward life through the outward drapery of 
beautv. 





214 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 




The moral law 
in its full statement 
includes the twelve 
great virtues. These 
arise from the groups 
of faculties, each 
having its dominant 
virtvie, as shown in 
this chart. Thus in 
the 'group of arts, 
the leading virtue is 
the love of beauty. 
In religion it is 
harm.ony. 

In a similar way 
we might sum up the 
spiritual side of the 
twelve groups in 
single paragraphs. 

Tst Sensation. — 
Unfolding the seven 
spiritual senses with 
their harmonies. 
This is partly seen in the visions of all ages, in telepathy, 
mesmerism and psychic impression. With higher culture 
these may become reliable and universal. 

2d. Perception. — Eternal types of use, beauty and 
order with the higher use of all these. 

3d. Memory. — Cycles of immortality; renewal of life. 
Unity with the cosmic cycles. 

4th. Reflection. — Inspiration and spiritual methods 
of work; unity with universal laws. 

5th. CuLTURK. — Unselfish unity in universal brother- 
hood; unity of all reforms; integral culture. 

6th. Marriage. — The dual unity of all creative forces. 
Purity as the higher use of all powers. 

7th. Religion. — Responsive unity between all ranks of 
life, from the ameba up to the great central life. 

8th. Familism. — Spiritual heredity applied to human 
advancement ; parental responsibility. 

9th. Ambition. — Aspiration to perfection of life; obe- 
dience to natural laws. 

loth. Industry. — Universal justice ; natural rewards 
and penalties. 

nth. Wealth. — Spiritual treasures and gifts; the higher 
uses of all material conditions. 

12th. Commerce. Spiritual highways and interchanges, 
Spiritual equity of the human race. 



ALTRUISM OF SCIENCE. 215 

One system of laws extends its sway from the 
minute changes in matter to the movements of the 
everlasting stars. This is the settled conclusion of 
modern science as it once was the conviction of ancient 
philosophic speculation. **As in the great, so in the 
small." If this is true in the realm of physical things, 
we are justified in thinking that it is equally true in 
the ascending realms of spiritual existences. We 
need not search or go outside of man's nature to find 
the great laws of spiritual harmony. 

The legitimate plan of the present volume does not 
include a systematic statement in detail of the truths 
of religion. We only aim_ to sketch their basis, their 
proper scope, and their chief lines of action. 

The scientific men of our day believe that there 
exist many other series or scales of vibration besides 
those known in colors, in sounds, heat and other 
familiar forces. Thus above the scale of seven colors 
there would be another octave of colors with waves 
too small to be seen in ordinary conditions of the 
eye. In some states of mental excitement the 
rods and cones of the eye become more tense, so 
that they are set in vibration by these finer waves, 
and w^e perceive them as spiritual light. Above the 
five senses would be the higher series of seven 
senses. With these higher senses fully developed, 
the realm of spiritual beings and activities would 
seem quite as real to men as the coarser physical 
things do now. 

Beauty is truth and utility. For geometry proves 
to us that every curve in a living object is a product 
of inner forces, acting with definite ratios. The 
beauty of plants and animals is therefore an expres- 



216 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

sion of their actual character. Thus art has its own 
spiritual foundations. 

Passing on, to the faculties of memory, we know 
that these link the past, the present, and the future 
into one connected whole of time. They carry for- 
ward the stores of experience and wisdom from year 
to year through all the phases of life. A spiritual or 
an earthly existence without any faculties of memory 
would indeed be narrow and poverty stricken, not 
worth the having. We could neither learn from the 
past nor hope for the future. In their wider relations 
these faculties of memory cognize the cycles of per- 
sonal, national and cosmic life. In the new civiliza- 
tion, both communities and nations will be wise 
enough to harmonize their affairs in unit}^ with the 
great cycles. We must remember that these cycles 
are essential elements in the great system of evolution. 
The cycles measure the rhythmic sweep of universal 
progress. 

The ancient prophets foretold an era of universal 
brotherhood, millenniums of unselfish life among 
all nations. And the most central among all the 
laws of evolution, as now developed by science, 
affirms that the unselfish rule of the higher brain 
faculties will ultimately prevail in both private and 
public life everywhere on the broad face of the earth. 
Science now proves that at every advancing step of 
civilization the mutual dependence between the mem- 
bers of society becomes greater and greater. At last 
this becomes so complete that the perfect or normal 
action of each member is possil^le only when all the 
other members fill their part. The good of each de- 
pends upon the good of all. Thus the most recent 



THE END OF MYSTERY. 217 

science teaches altruism, the unselfish life, with an 
emphasis strong as the vast rocks which form the 
records of geologic history. 

Science counts and it measures. More and more 
the new discoveries are proving that in her vast oper- 
ations and her lesser movements nature uses a fixed 
series of numbers — ''sacred numbers" the ancients 
called them. These numbers are fixed in the very 
nature of things. No one doubts that they rule in 
the chords of music and color. In the brain all of the 
faculties respond to each other as thirds, fifths and 
octaves. In the body, as shown by the engraved 
measure of man in a previous chapter, the parts re- 
spond to each other in three octaves, the base, soprano 
and tenor. This response is both physiological and 
spiritual. The hand, for example, is an octave from 
the breast. And placing the hand upon the breast is 
one of the impassioned and sweeping gestures of 
oratory. The relation of the religious faculties to the 
others is through a series of musical chords. With 
these facts as a basis, the laws of universal analogy 
would teach us that the ranks of spiritual beings above 
man are all governed by the scale of musical chords. 
The distance of each rank above or below the others 
would be measured by thirds, fifths or octaves. And 
these same measures would govern their mutual 
responses. 

If man would put himself in true harmony with the 
divine life, he must establish these musical chords in 
the work and life of all the twelve departments of 
human society. Man will find this an altogether dif- 
ferent process from what he has done through past 
ages in the name of religious service. This new work 



218 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

will be very dififerent from repeating devout supplica- 
tions , or elegant ascriptions of praise , or rhythmical and 
learned phrases of pulpit oratory. These poor sub- 
stitutes for life have no power to fit man for the reign 
of righteousness and peace. 

The perfect life is worth the effort required for its 
attainment. It is indeed within easy reach of the 
present generation. Its new methods rest upon 
everlasting laws. It will not require eighteen 
centuries of experiment to verify their truth and 
their efficiency. 

We ask the reader, or the critic, if by chance such a 
one should criticize these pages, to note that the 
statements here made concerning the laws of har- 
mony in man's constitution, are not made on the basis 
of momentary fancies or a mere surface knowledge 
and speculation. On the contrary, these statements 
represent the results of many years of careful study 
and work in the fields of the exact sciences, many 
years spent in analysis, comparison and measuring. 
That long survey justifies us in speaking with a good 
degree of confidence. Still very much remains to be 
done in these fields. Social harmony includes 
immensely more than many of our writers have 
imagined. Vastly more than good sentiments 
and kindly intentions. 

The coming religion cannot be evolved by a gen- 
erous sort of synthesis of those which already exist. 
However well done, thati process would only give us a 
mass of impractical mysteries, or else would only save 
the common moral precepts. The Christian teachers, 
like those of the Hindoo rcHgions, declare that the 
great doctrines of religion are mysteries. You cannot 



SYMBOLS AND TYPES. 219 

mix up mysteries so that they shall explain each other. 
If you blend together the ignorance of a dozen men, 
it will not produce wisdom or science. A scientific 
development was needed for religion quite as much 
as it was required in geology or astronomy. Even a 
cursory sketch w411 show that in clearness and preci- 
sion of statement, in the inspiring loftiness and breadth 
of its purposes, and in the practical certaint}^- of its 
methods, the scientific unfolding of religion will ex- 
ceed the older vievv^s of theology as much as the 
splendors of noonday surpass the uncertain glimmer 
of the stars. 

Because science was not developed, a mass of error 
has gathered about every form of religion in past 
times. The onb/ safeguard against this in the future 
will be to unite science with inspiration as the meas- 
ure of all truth. In the new social order no doctrine 
or belief which is not susceptible to scientific dem- 
onstrations must ever be made a part of the laws or 
constitution of society. Scientific proof can be 
made a basis for unity because this kind of proof can 
be understood alike by all persons. The faculty of 
inspiration is placed side by side with that of reason 
in the brain. This alone is sufficient to show how 
absurd it was to suppose that reason could not 
understand the truths given through inspiration. 
The two faculties are normal complements of each 
other and were made to work together like all other 
pairs of faculties associated in the same manner 
in the brain. 

The Bible is a library of Hebrew books, bound 
together in one volume. These books were written 
by many different persons, at intervals during fifteen 



220 THE HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

hundred years. About one-fourth of the Bible claims 
to have been written by inspiration, and much of 
this is clothed in symbols and metaphors. 

Whatever we may think about the process of 
inspiration, we must interpret the great prophetic 
symbols according to the fixed analogies of nature. 
The laws of symbolism are exact; they are based 
upon analogies, upon fixed laws of relationship in 
the nature of things. No person can think of using 
the tiger as a sj^mbol of mercy, or the fox as a type 
of candor. 

It is as easy to distinguish between the figurative 
and the literal language of the Bible as it is to dis- 
tinguish these in the common speech of every day 
life. 

In prophetic writings as well as in common language 
the power of the lower faculties and the back brain 
are symbolized by the dragon, the wolf, the lion, the 
serpent and other lower animals, in which these 
lower faculties are ruling elements. The gentle 
qualities of the lamb, the dove and the horse, led 
to the adoption of these as types of the higher parts 
of man's nature. 

In the Bible Jehovah is represented as the spirit- 
ual ruler of our solar system ; as the head of its spirit- 
ual system of government, with subordinate officers 
associated with him. All this corresponds to what 
we should conclude from the laws of analogy. That 
Book does not say that Jehovah is either infinite or 
omnipresent. Human experience does not show 
that he superintends the details of our daily life. 
Nor do we understand in what way he was concerned 
in the evolution of the earth. The primary laws of 



THE GREAT CENTRAL IDEA. 221 

world-growth are not 3'et clearly understood by 
scientists. The Hebrew word ''Bara," translated 
"created," does not mean "to make something out 
of nothing. " It does signify that two objects, spirit 
and matter, acted freely upon each other and thus 
produced a third object; and that these two forces 
were polar to each other and the movements were 
directed by intelligence. The number of the word 
Bara is 2-0-3, ^^^^^l ^^'^^^ is the true mathematical 
symbol of creation or formation throughout the 
universe. In all cases two things combine their 
action to form a third. Our scholars know very well 
that each letter of the Hebrew alphabet is a hiero- 
glyph or symbol, and each letter stands for a signifi- 
cant number. The first chapter of Genesis was 
written wholly as hieroglyphs and can only be intel- 
ligently translated on that basis. These symbols 
are ingeniously arranged so as to read as ordinary 
words. No real translation of that entire chapter 
has yet been published. 

What shall we sa}^ of the great mass of commu- 
nications from decarnate spirits which seem so 
abundant in our tim^e and which have appeared all 
through past ages and among all nations. When 
we disentangle the verbiage from the facts in these 
spiritual messages, we find that the modes of angelic 
life very much resemble our own. They have forms 
of government and choose their leaders. They have 
schools of instruction and other institutions. They 
occupy miansions, have costumes, and eat spiritual 
food. They take an interest in the aft'airs of their 
friends here, and often assist them by advice and 
encouragement. For they may often perceive acting 



222 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

causes which are invisible to us, and so they can 
warn us of danger, or guide us to the good. Our 
communion with the angel world takes place through 
the radiant nerve-force. 

We cannot look to decarnate spirits as teachers 
of general truths. It is evident from their messages 
that they do not understand the philosophy, the 
ultimate laws of their own state of existence any 
better than men here understand this state of being. 
In all their messages they have not been able to tell 
us of any spiritual laws which were laqt already dis- 
covered or elaborated by scientific men here. 

The spiritual laws are essential elements in our 
natures now. It is for us to learn and to obey these 
laws here, if we wish for happiness. And the best 
possible preparation that we can make for a higher 
spiritual existence is to live up to the full measure of 
these spiritual laws in our every day life on this earth. 
The true use of religion is to live well and happy, not 
to die well. The Bible salvation confines its prom- 
ises to man's life on this earth. And a life here can be 
made more perfect and glorious than any picture 
or vision man has ever seen of life in supernal 
spheres.* All these have fallen far short of what 
science declares to be attainable here. 

The great central idea of the Bible is a 
kingdom of universal wisdom, peace and justice. 
The New Jerusalem was to be its capital city, and 
this was to have twelve gates and departments. 
These last were to be occupied by people from each 
of the twelve tribes of Israel. What was the motive 
in this? The tribes had been scattered far and 
wide. Why should they be gathered again ? The 



TWELVE TRIBES. 223 

answer to this is the key to the plan of the Bible. 
The twelve tribes represented the various types of 
character necessary to fill the twelve departments 
in a model system of government. We accept the 
Bible account of the tribes as being fairly good 
history, as good as that which other ancient nations 
have handed down to us. Be3^ond this our argu- 
ment rests upon good scientific evidence, and not 
upon speculations. 

Ancient Israel was an undeveloped type of a new 
social order. Each tribe was at once a symbol and 
an embodiment of a truth. For each was marked 
off from the others by distinct traits of character, 
by the predominance of a special group of faculties 
These distinctions are set forth in the blessings pro- 
nounced by Jacob on his twelve sons, as given in the 
forty-ninth chapter of Genesis and in that given by 
Moses in the thirty-third of Deuteronom}^ These 
traits of the tribes are dw^elt upon and emphasized 
by such eminent Jewish historians as Ew^ald, Kitto 
and others. 

"The measure of the city is the measure of 
a man." Let us lay the plan of the city on the 
human head as on page 226. Then w^e shall see 
each tribe is placed over that group of faculties in the 
brain which corresponds to the ruling traits of char- 
acter in that tribe. 

Both Ezekiel in the Old and John in the New Testa- 
ment describe the New Jerusalem as to be occupied 
by the twelve tribes. In his last chapter Ezekiel 
tells us where each tribe was to be placed. These 
places are correctly given in our diagram plan of the 
city. The page of description faces the plan. 



224 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



In the new social order, when we select members 
for each department whose characters adapt them 
to its special employments, then we are in reality 
"Sealing them in twelve tribes," as the prophets 
foretold in the Old Testament and in the book 
of Revelation. Is this man deeply religious and 
devoted? Then he is a Levite and Levi is in the 
religious department. Is that man ambitious and 
fond of display? Then he belongs to the tribe of 
Joseph and the department of rulership. The iden- 
tification of those who belong to each tribe does not 
require a miracle, as the Jews supposed. It only 
requires the art of reading character. The people 
of all other nations, of all countries, can and must 
be arranged into twelve tribes and departments in 

the same manner. 
On this head three 
of the tribes are 
left hght. These 
now form the 
people known as 
Jews. See page 
228, farther on. 
The black shades 
show the place of 
the "lost tribes." 
But these lost 
ones were to be 
restored, the same 
as the Jews. This 
all the prophets 
assert in a positive 
manner. 




THE TWELVE TRIBES. 225 

The Levites were the most rehgious of all the 
tribes. The priesthood and the service of the 
temple was their allotment. Look at the diagram 
and you will see that their place in the city is 
directly where the religious faculties are located in 
the brain. 

The work carried on in the department of wealth 
requires large organs of defense and economy in its 
members. That makes them like the Benjaminites, 
and this tribe was located over the group cf wealth. 
"Benjamin is a wolf , seeking spoil and combat." 

The half tribes of Joseph, that is Ephraim. and 
Manasseh, towered above all the rest in ambition. 
On these faculties of the brain Joseph finds his place. 

Dan shall cry for justice, as his name portends; he 
shall toil in the group of labor, where his place is. 

Crouching down between two burdens the ''hired 
ass," Issachar, shall rest in the group of commerce 
where the prophet places him. 

A tiller of the soil, a lover of sense and of the 
pleasures of home, how could Zebulon be better 
placed than on the home department. 

The artists of Israel were Simeonites, and on the 
department of art has prophetic foresight given 
Simeon his location. 

A troop, a troop cometh ! It is the tribe of Gad, 
bearing the myriad facts of history for the depart- 
ment of letters, where he was assigned. 

The iron shod and the brass mounted engines of 
science bring royal dainties from eveiy land, and 
well was Asher located over the group of Science, for 
these were his identity marks. 

Bland words and pleasant manners graced the 
swift footed Naphtali, and rightly was he placed on 
the group of culture where these belong 

Let Judah's teeth be white with milk; let him 
drink the fragrant wine of marriage, and not mix 
its cup v;ith the blood of gentiles. 

May Reuben ''see many sons," for the seer hath 
placed him in the group of familism. 



226 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



^kuhatKworJhSS 



fif-^^ 






lramUisttv.g 







1 llap 



itftuwwtu 






SjrtJI 







Ap^ Jg jtf -^ ' f M "ii ^ i> 4B ■ ■T"' 



This city is the model for all cities in Harmonism , pfi vinp: the utmost degree 
of economy, dispatch and convenience by the arrangement of its parts. 



THE MODEL CITY. 



207 



f 



Benjdiniiv 






HOUSE. 
JUDAH" 

orJews 
gmlliions 



Reuben 



Joseph. 



Ajsher A Ban 

mil 



Saxons, XoTse.TeWdk 
5\ Yn\AVion&. j 



tK^T^XvU gj lst(3i^\. 



fe-^rt^^^^-.^^^^r- .^.^ Palestine is central 
^l^iraLS ■iJ^ra.^'^J^ralJ' in the world of nations. 

When all the nations 
of the world are united, 
they will choose one for 
the unation, one country 
to be their common pivot 
or center for international 
action, Palestine is the 
most central and accessible 
from all directions. For 
this reason it was chosen 
through the ancient proph- 
ets as the Promised Land. 
And for this reason it will be restored. It is a cos- 
mopolitan country, having every variety of climate 
and productions. It could easily sustain twenty 
millions of people. The Palestine of promise and 
prophecy, and as ruled over by David and Solomon, 
is 500 miles in length and contains 84,000 square 
miles; as large as Great Britain. 

In the year 976 B. C, ten of the twelve tribes of 
Israel revolted and set up the separate kingdom or 
''house" of Israel. It was also called ''Ephraim" 
by the prophets because that half tribe took the lead. 
The TWO tribes of Judah and Benjamin, with a part 
of the Levites, remained together as the kingdom or 
** house of Judah. " Afterward they became known 
as Jews, as they are in modern times. 

The ten tribes were carried away captive to Assyria 
in 721 B. C. They never returned, but they gave up 
their religion and language, and are spoken of as "lost 
tribes." ''The lost sheep of the house of Israel." 



228 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

The Jews were carried captive to Babylon, 586 
B.C. Seventy years later they were returned under 
the proclamation of Cyrus. Ezra and Nehimiah, 
their leaders, report only the tribes of Judah and 
Benjamin with the Levites as returning. 

What became of the lost tribes? Many students 
of history believe that the Anglo-Saxons in England 
and America, with the Norse nations, are the direct 
descendants of these tribes. For they have the same 
characteristics, and answer the graphic descriptions 
of prophecy. 

Two hundred verses of the prophets assert in the 
most positive manner that people from all the 

TW^ELVE TRIBES SHALL RETURN TO PALESTINE and 

make that a central and model nation. Only one- 
fourth part of the new nation will be Jews, if the 
prophecies are true. If the Jews become a nation 
there without the other tribes, then the prophecies 
are false. In the small plan of the city the places 
for Jews are left light and the department of the 
nine other tribes are shaded. See page 203. 

The Master of Nazareth chose twelve apostles ''to 
sit upon twelve thrones and rule the twelve tribes 
of Israel." For each tribe had a prince in ancient 
times. See Matthew, nineteenth chapter. These 
apostles stood for the ''twelve foundations," of the 
home, arts, letters, science, culture, marriage, relig- 
ion, familism, rulership, industry, wealth and com- 
merce. In the New Testament it says that twelve 
thousand of each of the tribes will be sealed for the 
city. This " 144,000 stood with the Lamb on Mount 
Zion," which is in Jerusalem. 

Christ stood for all these basic things, these funda- 



RETURNING TRIBES. 229 

mental truths ; else his kingdom and its magnificent 
promises were only hollow mockeries. That kingdom 
was to take the place of all others. And from that 
remarkable prophecy in Isaiah Ninth we know that 
the Messiah was to sit "upon the throne of his father, 
David, to order it and to establish it with justice and 
with judgment forever." The kingdom of David 
was a literal one ; it included all the legal and political 
functions of any government. It was a serious 
mistake for Christians to imagine that the prophets 
foretold only a "spiritual" kingdom, with its rule 
only in the hearts of his followers. Truly the king- 
dora will be spiritual ; it will embody a greater number 
of spiritual laws than the Christian world has yet 
recognized. But it will also be literal, external, ma- 
terial; else the strong Hebrew language is incapable 
of expressing such an idea. The Bible salvation was 
to save men from all the great evils of this world. 

The most wonderful of all Bible discoveries is this 
which shows us that when the plan of the New 
Jerusalem is laid on the head, every tribe comes over 
that group of brain faculties which formed its ruling 
traits of character. The tribes form a group of three 
for each of the four sides. The sciences of geometry 
and arithmetic prove that this exact placing of all 
the tribes over the faculties could not occur except 
as a result of an intelligent design ; that those beings 
who gave the plan to the prophets must have known 
where all of these faculties were located in the brain, 
and that therefore the kingdom and its capital city 
were planned to represent the twelve kinds of wants 
which arise from these faculties. In the whole range 
of science there is no truth which is more definitely 



230 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

and positively proved than this one in regard to the 
plan of the city and its twelve-fold significance. And 
it is also absolute proof that these parts of the Bible 
were inspired. 

In the engraved measure of man as given in our 
fourth chapter, pages 109 and no, we have shown that 
a scale of twelve angles, arranged precisely in the 
order of the twelve parts of the New Jerusalem, 
is the only scale that will measure the plan of the 
human head. A scale of twelve times twelve, 144, 
will measure the entire human form. It is true, as 
the angel said, that "the measure of the city is the 
measure of man. " 

From all these facts we see that the kingdom of 
the Messiah could not be established until science 
was discovered and elaborated. That has required 
long ages of growth. The kingdom was to be as 
br'>ad as human wants. And we could not classify 
these wants until science explored the constitution 
of man, and traced these wants to their first source 
in the mental faculties. 

Within the last few years there has been much 
discussion about the restoration of the Jews to Pales- 
tine. But many of the writers on this subject seem 
to quite overlook the vital fact that the Jew^s now 
include only about one-seventh part of the people 
who are lineal descendants of ancient Israel; and 
that the many Bible promises of a restoration all 
specify the twelve tribes. There is not a promise 
of restoration for the Jews without the other tribes. 

We cannot quote the multitude of passages, but two 
or three will show their tenor. *'In those days the 
house of Judah (the Jews) shall walk with the house 



THE CENTRAL NATION. 231 

of Israel, and they shall come together to the land 
that I have given for an inheritance to your fathers. " 

*'It shall come to pass in that day that the Lord 
shall set his hand the second time to recover the 
remnant of his people, and he shall assemble the out- 
casts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed 
of Judah from the four corners of the earth/' 

Ezekiel was told to take two sticks as a symbol 
and write on one for the tribes with Joseph and on 
the other for the tribes with Judah (the Jews). ''And 
the two sticks shall become one in thine hand. And 
thus, says Jehovah, I will bring again the captivity 
of my people Israel and Judah, from all the countries 
whither I have scattered them, and I will cause them 
to return to the land that I gave to their fathers, and 
they shall possess it. And I will make them one 
nation in -the land upon the mountains of Israel ; one 
king shall be king to them all, and they shall be no 
more two nations. And they shall no more be pulled 
up out of the land that I have given them." 

The Jews, or Judah, Benjamin and Levi, have 
closely intermarried and have remained exclusive. 
They could not become a representative and cosmo- 
politan nation. But the twelve tribes, taken together, 
present all the diversities of character and talent 
needed to compose such a nation. For this reason 
they were the Chosen Nation. For this reason the 
record of Israel stands as the central fact in the 
world's hist or 3^ 

The statesmen of Europe to-day recognize the res- 
toration of Palestine as a vital and critical problem 
of international statesmanship. We are hence justi- 
fied in giving the subject so much space. 



232 



HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 



No other religion than that of Israel ever had com- 
plete and all-comprehensive symbols like the Twelve 
Tribes, the New Jerusalem, and the Tree of Life with 
its twelve fruits. The philosophical historian is 
therefore bound to give this religion a full con- 
sideration. 

The tree of life is given 
in the Bible as directly con- 
nected with the past and the 
future destiny of man. What 
was the tree and why of such 
great importance ? 1 1 w a s 
not until 1861 that science 
was able to give the final 
answer to this question. 

In all plants and animals 
each organ is modelled from 
the essential plan of a leaf or 
tree. This plan includes a "^^IaIi6» 
central tube, or bundle of tubes, with 
branches which terminate in minute or 
microscopic cells. These cells do the 
vital or constructive work of life. The 
tubes convey currents of liquids or of 
force. 

The brain and spinalis in man give the 
highest example of these tree-forms. This 
is the great Tree of Life spoken of by the ancient 
seers and poets of all nations. The twelve groups of 
faculties produce ''the twelve manner of fruits." All 
that is sweet and noble and true, in the private life 
of man or in the public history of nations, have been 
the fruit of this great tree. 




'&i;SivatkRj: 




THF TREE OF LIFE. 233 

In our second chapter we have shown that the 
higher branches of this tree have not yet been repre- 
sented in our institutions. 

It is evident that the Bible writers of this account 
regarded our spiritual or religious life as twelve-fold. 
Yet up to the present time the Christian world has 
overlooked this important truth. 

The river of life has its four heads in the four 
chambers of the heart, the two auricles and the 
two ventricles. These are marked RA, LA, RV and 
LV. Fromx these four heads the arteries and veins 
extend upward or north, to the head; eastward and 
westward to the arms and lungs, and south to the 
trunk and lower limbs. We have supposed our man 
lying down, with his head to the north, as we would 
place a map of the earth. 

The water of life is the blood with its bio- 
plasm and cells. It is three-fourths water, with 
living matter diffused through it. In the ancient 
sacrifices the blood was used as a true symbol of life 
and of healing forces. In the Hebrew there is no 
word that means pain, or penalty or suffering, that 
is ever applied to the sacrifices. The common idea 
about them is utterly false. In reality the ancient 
sacrifices were feasts. They expressed gratitude 
and good will, or spiritual healing and reconciliation. 

The Latin word ** sacrifice" means ''to make 
sacred," not to punish or destroy. 

Forgiveness and atonement are both natural. 
They are efforts to restore the normal conditions of 
health and harmony. In the living body the power 
to heal is in the very nature of all the tissues. And 
so in the spiritual realm, atonement is not a contra- 



234 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

diction but a fulfilment of the law of healing. It 
simply stops the evil internal action at a certain point 
and allows the healing powers to commence and 
carry on the work of spiritual cure. 

It is beyond the limited scope of the present work 
to make a separate discussion of details in religion. 
In the full edition of the Book of Life the reader may 
find them described more at length. 

Obedience brings life in every sphere of exist- 
ence. For the human constitution, the nature of our 
faculties remain the same whether we exist in a phys- 
ical or a spiritual world. 

The amount of life is measured by the variety of 
powers, and the ability to resist those causes which 
tend to destroy the body. This quantity increases 
from infancy to maturity. There is no reason, that 
man has yet learned, why our physical existence 
might not be continued as long as man chooses, if all 
the conditions of life were fully maintained. When 
maturity is reached, for a number of years the inter- 
nal forces are able to keep an even balance against 
those which are outside of the body. If we knew and 
obeyed the vital laws, it would be no more difficult to 
maintain that balance for a thousand years. 

The life of each person is bound up with that of 
others. It is affected on every side by their life and 
conduct. Hence human life can be greatly prolonged 
only by the collective obedience of society. This 
obedience requires true institutions, in harmony with 
man's nature, such as we have described in these 
seven chapters. 

But suppose that we were not assured of an earthly 
immortality. Yet we can be absolutely certain that 



THE WORTH OF LIFE. 235 

human life could be ushered m by a painless birth; 
that during long centuries it could pass through scenes 
of unalloyed happiness, and when old age should 
finally come, it would be a gradual fading out of life. 
The stability of this earth as the abode of man is 
secured by cosmic laws whose cycles sweep through 
millions of years. Man cannot escape from his des- 
tiny. He must remain a dweller on the earth ; but 
he may change widely its conditions. And the possi- 
bility of removing th'e great evils that have afflicted 
the race should move us to the mightiest efforts to 
transform the old conditions and drive the dark hosts 
of evil from the fair face of the world. 



A LIST OF REFERENCES 



On the advancement of Life through the geologic ages, 
the reader may consult Dana's or Lyell's ''Geology," entire, 
with LeConte's "Evolution and its Relations to Religious 
Thought." Also consult Draper's "Physiology," page 514, 
and his "Intellectual Development of Europe," especially 
chapter 10, volume 2., 

On the Seven Civilizations, see Draper's "Intellectual De- 
velopment of Europe, entire ; Rawlinson's Origin of Nations, 
Part II, chapters i, 2 and 3; Winchell's Preadamites; Maine's 
"Early Institutions," pp. 65, 79, and 116; Charles Fourier's 
"Social Destin},^ of Man," entire; and Blackstone's "Commen- 
taries," section 11,^46, et. seq. Edward Clodd s "Childhood of 
the World"; Baldwin's "Prehistoric Nations;" and Lyell's 
"Antiquity of Man," are suggestive works of vakie. 

On social experiments already made, Sprague's "Socialism 
from Genesis to Revelation," is a candid, readable and acces:S- 
ible work. Of Herbert Spencer's works, the best and clearest 
is the essay on the "Social Organism." But he does not carry 
the theories forward to the future. A large number of works 
on Sociology at the present day are wholly speculative and 
without any practical or scientific value. 

On the Structure and Plan of the Brain, read Ferrier's 
"Functions of the Brain," 1876, a series of decisive experi- 
ments; also "Bastian on the Brain," entire. On the Brain 
Centers, see Draper's "Physiology," pp. 282, 319, 265; Luy's 
"Brain and its Functions"; Gray's "Anatomy"; Dalton's 
"Physiology"; Huxley's "Anatomy of Vertebrate Animals"; 
and Baldwin's "Psychology Applied to Education." 

237 



238 THE HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN. 

On the Tree of Life, read Henry Gray's ''Anatomy," Asa 
Gray's "Botanies," and Ferguson's "Tree and Serpent Wor- 
ship," for some of the basic facts. 

On Sacred Numbers, read Milo Mahan's "Mystic Numbers," 
entire; also "The Book of Life." 

On the Location of Faculties in the Brain and the Body, 
the reader may consult Dr. J. F. Gall's work on the "Nervous 
System," 6 volumes; Combe's "System of Phrenology"; 
Walker's "Physiognomy," (1839); Well's "Physiogonomy," 
(1865); Redfield's "Comparative Physiognomy," (1852). 
Also the experiments and works of Sunderland, Fowler, 
Buchanan and the Mesmerists, 1837 to 1844, with those of 
Ferrier in 1872. 

The discoveries of Dr. Sivartha were published from 1859 
to 1878, in scientific lectures before various learned societies, 
in pamphlets, newspaper articles, and in editions of "The 
Book of Life." All these were amply illustrated by charts 
and paintings "The Book of Life" is a comprehensive, but 
by no means an exhaustive view, of the whole subject. 

The discoveries include, chiefly, the great laws of the Brain 
Ellipse, reducing all mental action to geometric formulas; 
the laws of Mental Polarity and chords ; the arrangement of 
the faculties in twelve groups and trinities; the definite plan 
of the Social Organism; the meaning of the New Jerusalem, 
the Tree of Life, the Throne with twenty-four rulers, the 
twelve fold m'easure of the head, the new astro-science, and 
the auro spheres with their colors. A multitude of scientific 
truths, discovered by many masters, are included in the new 
Science of Man, thus developed. The system of Integral 
Education and the Vcsona or Universal Language, are logical 
outo:rowths from these discoveries. 



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